海上油田泡沫堵水技术研究与应用

如何有效地实现控水增油是目前海上油田进行高效高速开发所面临的问题。泡沫堵水技术作为一项控水增油的增产工艺措施在陆上油田得到了成功的应用,且近年来泡沫设备的改进使得该技术在海上油田的应用成为可能。此文通过泡沫静态实验、动态实验优选出了适合目标油藏条件的高效起泡剂,并对泡沫的油敏性,封堵能力,提高采收率性能进行了研究。实验结果表明,筛选出的起泡剂就有较好的起泡性能,泡沫具有较好的堵水效果,堵水率最高达到97．8％,且对高渗模型提高采收率幅度达到15．9％。通过在海上油田的应用,该技术实现了控水增油的作用,取得了较好的增产效果。     

黑河山区流域平均坡长的计算与径流模拟

 流域平均坡长是侧向流和汇流时间计算的重要参数,其会影响地表径流的计算。应用SWAT 2005和ArcView GIS 3.2集成的AVSWAT模型,对黑河干流上游山区流域莺落峡出山口径流进行模拟,发现其计算的流域平均坡长存在较大误差,进而影响到模拟结果。利用子流域内已知的平均坡度和平均坡长建立回归方程,计算各子流域的平均坡长,替换AVSWAT计算的不合理值,在保持其他参数不变的情况下,模拟的月径流纳什系数从0.60提高到0.75,模拟结果得到显著提高。敏感性分析结果和径流曲线数(CN2)的分析也间接验证了流域平均坡长修正方法的可行性。在修正流域平均坡长后,对AVSWAT模型的其他参数CN2等进行优化,模拟的月径流的纳什系数达到0.81,表明本文建议的流域平均坡长计算方法是可以应用到实际的干旱区黑河流域并取得较好模拟效果。     

黄河万家寨水库流域降雨径流的分布式模拟及率定

应用SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool)模型,研制了黄河万家寨水库流域分布式降雨径流模拟系统,并对万家寨水库流域进行了10年（2000-2009年）径流模拟。其中,以2000-2006年为系统参数的敏感性分析期和模型率定期,以2007-2009年为模型的验证期,模拟结果显示,万家寨站点上模拟径流与实测径流过程线的相关系数达到0.97以上。在此基础上还将数值预报模式与模拟系统相耦合,对万家寨水库入库径流进行了预报和检验分析,结果较好。因此,该模拟系统能够较好地反映万家寨水库入库径流量的变化过程,具有一定的适用性,为进一步进行降雨径流预测提供了技术支撑。     

辽河三角洲不同干湿气候区参考蒸散发敏感因子时空变化

根据辽河三角洲19个气象台站1961~2010年气象观测资料,采用Penman-Monteith参考蒸散发计算方法,分析辽河三角洲半湿润区、半干旱区以及滨海干湿过渡区3个气候亚区参考蒸散发对平均气温、风速、相对湿度和太阳辐射的敏感性及其时空分异。结果表明：在半干旱区,敏感系数由大到小依次是相对湿度、风速、太阳辐射和平均气温;在半湿润区和滨海干湿过渡区,敏感系数由大到小依次是相对湿度、太阳辐射、平均气温和风速。不同气候亚区参考蒸散发对气象因子的敏感系数具有较大的差异和变化趋势。     

中国冰川系统对气候变化响应的敏感性分析

Data of 44 glacier systems in China used in this paper were obtained from Chinese Glacier Inventories and the meteorological data were got from Meteorological Atlas of Plateau of west China. Based on the statistical analysis and functional model simulation results of the 44 glacier systems in China, the glacier systems were divided into extremely-sensitive glacier system, semi-sensitive glacier system, extremely-steady glacier system and semi-steady glacier system in terms of glacier system＇s level of water-energy exchange, rising gradient of the equilibrium line altitudes and retreating rate of area to climate warming, their median size and vertical span distribution, and their runoff characteristics to climate warming. Furthermore the functional model of glacier system to climate warming was applied in this paper to predict the average variation trends of the 4 types of glacier systems, which indicate that different sensitivity types of glacier systems respond to the climate warming differently.     

基于H-B准则的公路桥梁桩基嵌岩深度计算

基于Hoek-Brown强度准则,推导了在微小转动下嵌岩段桩侧法向应力及水平摩阻力计算模型,采用静力平衡原理建立了水平荷载作用下公路桥梁桩基嵌岩深度的计算公式,提出了嵌岩深度计算的新方法。参数敏感性及影响因素分析表明： （1）水平荷载引起的力矩 、桩径d、岩层上覆压力 、岩石单轴抗压强度 、岩体类别参数 、岩体地质力学分类指标RMR均对嵌岩深度有一定影响,在 、d不变的情况下,岩体质量和岩石单轴抗压强度对嵌岩深度的确定最为敏感; （2）岩体质量越差,所需嵌岩深度越大;岩体质量越好,岩层上覆压力对嵌岩深度影响越小,反之越大。（3）嵌岩深度随岩石单轴抗压强度的提高呈非线性缓慢地减小,在相同的单轴抗压强度下,岩体质量越好,嵌岩深度越小,反之越大。     

动剪切模量比对反应谱影响的定量分析

动剪切模量比的不确定性会对场地地震反应计算的结果产生较大的影响,而目前对这种影响的研究多限于定性分析,笔者利用渤海海域典型场地对这一影响进行定量分析。首先,建立了土层地震反应计算模型;然后,在不改变影响土层地震反应计算结果其他参量的前提下,赋予了原动剪切模量比一系列偏差并求得了场地反应谱的变化;最后,得到了反应谱对动剪切模量比的敏感度。结果表明:1)在动剪切模量比曲线增大(或减小)后,在基准反应谱的特征周期附近,存在一个反应谱相对于基准反应谱由增大转变为减小(或由减小转变为增大)的转变点。2)在概率水准2和3下:反应谱平台段对动剪切模量比的敏感度最高,其值基本上分布在1.0~3.0;反应谱下降段的敏感度绝对值随着周期的增大先迅速增大后逐渐趋于0,最大值达1.0以上;反应谱上升段的敏感度分布平稳,其值多分布在1.0~2.0。     

Spatiotemporal variation and driving forces of reference evapotranspiration in Jing River Basin,northwest China

Evapotranspiration is an important component of the hydrological cycle, which integrates atmospheric demands and surface conditions. Research on spatial and temporal variations of reference evapotranspiration (ET_o) enables understanding of climate change and its effects on hydrological processes and water resources. In this study, ET_o was estimated by the FAO‐56 Penman–Monteith method in the Jing River Basin in China, based on daily data from 37 meteorological stations from 1960 to 2005. ET_o trends were detected by the Mann–Kendall test in annual, seasonal, and monthly timescales. Sensitivity coefficients were used to examine the contribution of important meteorological variables to ET_o. The influence of agricultural activities, especially irrigation on ET_o was also analyzed. We found that ET_o showed a decreasing trend in most of the basin in all seasons, except for autumn, which showed an increasing trend. Mean maximum temperature was generally the most sensitive parameter for ET_o, followed by relative humidity, solar radiation, mean minimum temperature, and wind speed. Wind speed was the most dominant factor for the declining trend in ET_o. The more significant decrease in ET_o for agricultural and irrigation stations was mainly because of the more significant decrease in wind speed and sunshine hours, a mitigation in climate warming, and more significant increase in relative humidity compared with natural stations and non‐irrigation stations. Changes in ET_o and the sensitivity coefficient of meteorological variables in relation to ET_o were also affected by topography. Better understanding of ET_o response to climate change will enable efficient use of agricultural production and water resources, which could improve the ecological environment in Jing River Basin. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Trend analyses with river sediment rating curves

Sediment rating curves, which are fitted relationships between river discharge (Q) and suspended‐sediment concentration (C), are commonly used to assess patterns and trends in river water quality. In many of these studies, it is assumed that rating curves have a power‐law form (i.e. C = aQ^b, where a and b are fitted parameters). Two fundamental questions about the utility of these techniques are assessed in this paper: (i) how well to the parameters, a and b, characterize trends in the data, and (ii) are trends in rating curves diagnostic of changes to river water or sediment discharge? As noted in previous research, the offset parameter, a, is not an independent variable for most rivers but rather strongly dependent on b and Q. Here, it is shown that a is a poor metric for trends in the vertical offset of a rating curve, and a new parameter, â, as determined by the discharge‐normalized power function [C = â (Q/Q_GM)^b], where Q_GM is the geometric mean of the Q‐values sampled, provides a better characterization of trends. However, these techniques must be applied carefully, because curvature in the relationship between log(Q) and log(C), which exists for many rivers, can produce false trends in â and b. Also, it is shown that trends in â and b are not uniquely diagnostic of river water or sediment supply conditions. For example, an increase in â can be caused by an increase in sediment supply, a decrease in water supply or a combination of these conditions. Large changes in water and sediment supplies can occur without any change in the parameters, â and b. Thus, trend analyses using sediment rating curves must include additional assessments of the time‐dependent rates and trends of river water, sediment concentrations and sediment discharge. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Hydrological Processes published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

长白山地区火山碎屑粒度特征研究

长白山地区全新世火山活动活跃,发育了良好的火山空降、火山碎屑流、火山涌流和火山泥石流堆积物。这些堆积物交错堆积,野外区分较为困难。在火山碎屑地层剖面调查基础上,系统采集了各种类型的火山碎屑堆积物样品。在实验室通过粒度参数和概率累积曲线分析,对堆积物成因类型进行了判别,讨论了火山空降堆积物和火山碎屑流堆积物随着与火口距离变化的规律。首次对研究区内粒度范围为62.5～0.02μm的细火山灰进行了粒度分析,对火山碎屑流和火山碎屑涌流中细火山灰端元分布特征和地质意义进行了分析和讨论