面向对象的多特征分级CVA遥感影像变化检测

变化矢量分析CVA方法在中低分辨率遥感影像变化检测中已得到广泛应用,但由于高分辨率遥感影像存在不同地物尺度差异大、不同类别地物光谱相互重叠的问题,因此对于高分影像的变化检测具有局限性。为提高高分影像变化检测精度,提出了一种面向对象的多特征分级CVA变化检测方法,首先,利用基于区域邻接图的影像分割方法分别对两时相遥感影像进行多尺度分割,提取分割图斑的光谱、纹理和形状特征;然后,在各级尺度下,分别运用随机森林方法进行特征选择,计算CVA变化强度图;最后,根据信息熵对多级变化强度图进行自适应融合,利用Otsu阈值法检测变化区域,并与仅考虑光谱特征的分级CVA变化检测方法、像元级多特征CVA变化检测方法以及仅考虑光谱特征的像元级CVA变化检测方法进行比较分析。实验表明:与比较方法相比,本文方法的变化检测精度较高,误检率和漏检率较低。     

双差精密定轨中地面站的选取方法

针对目前全球的地面测站数量多、测站观测数据质量参差不齐及测站地理分布不均的问题,总结了一种测站选取方法。利用该方法编制的测站选取软件对IGS站进行了选择,并根据选得的测站设计了几种定轨试验。结果显示,利用由本文的测站选取方法得到的70个基准站进行定轨时,得到的卫星位置与IGS精密星历在径向、切向、法向偏差均方根分别为1.11、2.19、1.72cm。验证了本文选站软件的可靠性,避免了选站过程中过多的人为因素,并且在保障精度的前提下提高了定轨效率。     

参考框架选取对连续GPS网测站坐标时间序列分析结果的影响

针对中国大陆构造环境监测网络（CMONOC）坐标时间序列分析,研究选取3种不同空间尺度的参考框架以及考虑不同相似转换参数对测站速度场、年周期项及残差时间序列的影响。结果表明,对于中国大陆这样大范围、长时间连续观测的GPS网,采用全球框架坐标时间序列分析结果更加稳定,对转换参数选择不太敏感;但采用区域框架,特别是接近研究区域的小区域框架能够反映出更显著的区域形变特征,对于进一步研究其动力学机制是有利的。     

强化空气扰动技术中表面活性剂的选择

为了提高空气扰动技术（air sparging,AS）的效果,做了一系列的实验,研究了表面活性剂强化空气扰动技术（surfactant-enhanced air sparging, SEAS）中表面活性剂的选择方法。结果表明：在气流运行方式以鼓泡为主要机制时,表面活性剂的加入强化了气泡的起泡性和稳泡性,使空气饱和度增加;在气流运行方式以微孔道为主要机制时,表面活性剂的加入因减小了表面张力而减小了空气驱替水所需的毛细压力,使空气饱和度增加。比较Tween-80、TritonX-100、SDS和SDBS在介质上的吸附损失,确定出在中砂中TritonX-100为优,在砾石中SDBS为优。     

有限m重非齐次马氏链随机变换的一个强极限定理

将赌博系统的随机变换概念推广到有限优重非齐次马氏链情形,采用鞅方法研究了有限m重非齐次马氏链函数的强极限定理,作为推论得到有限m重非齐次马氏链随机变换的若干强极限定理。     

Modeling of environmental influence in structural health assessment for reinforced concrete buildings

One branch of structural health monitoring (SHM) utilizes dynamic response measurements to assess the structural integrity of civil infrastructures. In particular,modal frequency is a widely adopted indicator for structural damage since its square is proportional to structural stiffness. However,it has been demonstrated in various SHM projects that this indicator is substantially affected by fluctuating environmental conditions. In order to provide reliable and consistent information on the health status of the monitored structures,it is necessary to develop a method to filter this interference. This study attempts to model and quantify the environmental influence on the modal frequencies of reinforced concrete buildings. Daily structural response measurements of a twenty-two story reinforced concrete building were collected and analyzed over a one-year period. The Bayesian spectral density approach was utilized to identify the modal frequencies of this building and it was clearly seen that the temperature and humidity fluctuation induced notable variations. A mathematical model was developed to quantify the environmental effects and model complexity was taken into consideration. Based on a Timoshenko beam model,the full model class was constructed and other reduced-order model class candidates were obtained. Then,the Bayesian modal class selection approach was employed to select the one with the most suitable complexity. The proposed model successfully characterizes the environmental influence on the modal frequencies. Furthermore,the estimated uncertainty of the model parameters allows for assessment of the reliability of the prediction. This study not only improves the understanding about the monitored structure,but also establishes a systematic approach for reliable health assessment of reinforced concrete buildings.     

Seismic fragility of reinforced concrete girder bridges using Bayesian belief network

Infrastructure owners and operators, or governmental agencies, need rapid screening tools to prioritize detailed risk assessment and retrofit resources allocation. This paper provides one such tool, for use by highway administrations, based on Bayesian belief network (BBN) and aimed at replacing so‐called generic or typological seismic fragility functions for reinforced concrete girder bridges. Resources for detailed assessments should be allocated to bridges with highest consequence of damage, for which site hazard, bridge fragility, and traffic data are needed. The proposed BBN based model is used to quantify seismic fragility of bridges based on data that can be obtained by visual inspection and engineering drawings. Results show that the predicted fragilities are of sufficient accuracy for establishing relative ranking and prioritizing. While the actual data and seismic hazard employed to train the network (establishing conditional probability tables) refer to the Italian bridge stock, the network structure and engineering judgment can easily be adopted for bridges in different geographical locations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic hazard disaggregation in performance‐based earthquake engineering: occurrence or exceedance?

Seismic hazard disaggregation is commonly used as an aid in ground‐motion selection for the seismic response analysis of structures. This short communication investigates two different approaches to disaggregation related to the exceedance and occurrence of a particular intensity. The impact the different approaches might have on a subsequent structural analysis at a given intensity is explored through the calculation of conditional spectra. It is found that the exceedance approach results in conditional spectra that will be conservative when used as targets for ground‐motion selection. It is however argued that the use of the occurrence disaggregation is more consistent with the objectives of seismic response analyses in the context of performance‐based earthquake engineering. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of the exact conditional spectrum and generalized conditional intensity measure methods for ground motion selection

Two existing, contemporary ground motion selection and modification procedures – (i) exact conditional spectrum (CS‐exact) and (ii) generalized conditional intensity measure (GCIM) – are evaluated in their ability to accurately estimate seismic demand hazard curves (SDHCs) of a given structure at a specified site. The amount of effort involved in implementing these procedures to compute a single SDHC is studied, and a case study is chosen where rigorous benchmark SDHCs can be determined for evaluation purposes. By comparing estimates from ground motion selection and modification procedures with the benchmark, we conclude that estimates from CS‐exact are unbiased in many of the cases considered. The estimates from GCIM are even more accurate, as they are unbiased for most – but not all – of the cases where estimates from CS‐exact are biased. We find that it is possible to obtain biased SDHCs from GCIM, even after employing a very diverse collection of intensity measures to select ground motions and implementing its bias‐checking feature, because it is usually difficult to identify intensity measures that are truly ‘sufficient’ for the response of a complex, multi‐degree‐of‐freedom system. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

煤炭地下气化技术及其应用前景

煤炭地下气化是一种煤炭原位开采技术。文中介绍了煤炭地下气化的工艺过程、技术特征、技术发展历程及其应用前景,特别强调煤炭地下气化应用过程的科学选址及地下水污染防控问题。煤炭地下气化的析气过程是基于煤岩混杂的渗滤通道反应,包含沿径向及沿轴向的煤气化反应过程。随气化通道扩展形成单个稳定气化周期。基于长距离定向钻井及连续油管的移动注气点后退气化工艺,奠定了煤炭地下气化商业化应用的技术基础。地下气化煤气可用于燃气蒸汽联合循环发电,并逐步用作化工原料气。通过科学选址并采取地下水污染防控措施,可以使煤炭地下气化成为新一代的绿色化学采煤技术,具有广阔的应用前景。