气象因子对半冬性小麦灌浆速度的影响效应研究

选用黄淮海冬麦区4个半冬性小麦品种郯麦98、山农18、徐麦33、皖麦52为试验材料,通过分期播种试验,利用方差分析、相关分析、逐步回归和通径分析等方法,分析半冬性小麦籽粒灌浆速度变化趋势和气象因子对灌浆速度的影响。结果表明,正常播期冬小麦灌浆速度波动性最小、千粒重最大,迟播10 d冬小麦灌浆速度波动性最大、千粒重最小;华北区品种郯麦98灌浆速度表现最稳定、千粒重最高,而黄淮区品种皖麦52灌浆速度最大;半冬性小麦灌浆持续期为35～39 d;南北气候差异是影响各品种冬小麦灌浆速度不同的原因之一。半冬性小麦各播期灌浆速度的变化趋势一致,灌浆速度变化与相关显著气象因子的变化规律相符合;灌浆速度峰值期一般出现在开花后15～25 d,迟播冬小麦最大灌浆速度出现时间较对照处理提前,不利于提高粒重;气温条件对冬小麦灌浆速度影响显著,其中最高气温要素是影响不同播期品种灌浆速度的共有关键因子。通径分析表明,最高气温对灌浆速度的作用由自身的直接效应决定,而日照时数与最低气温对灌浆速度的作用与间接效应一致;最高气温平均值对灌浆速度的影响最重要,日照时数和最低气温平均值对灌浆速度的影响较弱;最高和最低气温平均值、日照时数均为灌浆速度的限制因子,其中最高气温平均值对灌浆速度变化的决策作用最大。     

太原汛期短时强降水环流分型及环境参量分析

应用太原1996-2015年7个国家气象站、2008-2015年63个区域站6-9月逐时降水资料及相关探空、地面观测资料,对太原短时强降水日环流配置进行天气学分型,分析各流型下关键环境参数分布特征。结果表明,太原发生短时强降水的500 hPa环流形势有四种:冷涡型、高空槽型、高空槽加副高型、西北气流型。太原短时强降水常发生在比较温和的对流有效位能(CAPE)环境下,大部分过程CAPE值≤1500 J·kg^-1,冷涡型则≤1000 J·kg^-1。西北气流型850 hPa与500 hPa温差(ΔT850-500)大,静力不稳定度比其他型更强,且500 hPa有明显的干层存在。高空槽加副高型K指数大,且暖云厚度均值达3576 m,明显大于其他型2471~2608 m的均值。冷涡型全部、高空槽型85%的过程出现在弱0~6 km垂直风切变环境下,而高空槽加副高型、西北气流型0~6 km垂直风切变相对较大,35%以上达到中等强度。冷涡型、西北气流型短时强降水太原上空700 hPa水汽常比850 hPa更充沛。太原超过70 mm·h^-1的极端降水出现在西北气流型下,有中等强度的CAPE值、强层结不稳定、弱0~6 km垂直风切变、3550 m以上暖云厚度,中低空水汽充足,这些环境参量的配合对强降水效率有很好的指示意义。     

夏半年川西高原600 hPa低涡活动特征

600 hPa天气系统能够分析川西高原低涡变化的主要特征,并能识别低涡的发展移动和川西高原强降水落区的关系。利用1979—2020年逐3 h的ERA5再分析资料(0.25°×0.25°)和2011—2020年逐小时降水资料,对夏半年川西高原600 hPa低涡活动特征、低涡与降水的关系及致雨低涡动力和热力特征进行统计分析,结果表明：(1)42年间低涡年均80个,持续时间1 d以内占总数的95.7%;在川西高原本地生成、移入和移出低涡年均61.5个、18个和5.3个;低涡源地和消散地分别在甘孜州白玉县和理塘县为中心的区域。(2)生命史大于12 h的低涡占比36.4%,都会带来降水,其中超83.7%会造成中雨以上降水;低涡伴随的日降水强度最大值中心位置随月份先由川西高原东部与南部地区北移到中部,之后逐渐移回到东部与南部地区,相对应7—8月多低涡从北部南移到中部摆动消亡,其余月份多低涡从中部生成影响到东部和南部地区或在南部生成并停滞或摆动。(3)强烈垂直上升运动和正涡度区的耦合发展以及深厚不稳定层结的形成和加强是致雨低涡发生发展并产生强降水的动力特征和热力层结条件。     

Interannual climate variation,land type and village livelihood effects on fires in Kalimantan,Indonesia

The increasing extent and frequency of fires globally requires nuanced understanding of the drivers of large-scale events for improved prevention and mitigation. Yet, the drivers of fires are often poorly understood by various stakeholders in spatially expansive and temporally dynamic landscapes. Further, perceptions about the main cause of fires vary amongst stakeholders, which amplify ongoing challenges from policies being implemented inconsistently across different governance levels. Here, we develop a spatially and temporally-explicit typology of fire prevalence across Kalimantan, Indonesia, a region with significant contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions. Based on livelihood information and data on climate, soil type and forest degradation status, we find that in intact forest the density of fires in villages that largely coincide with oil palm concessions was twice as high as in villages outside the concessions across all years. Fires occurring in degraded land on mineral soil across all years were also most prevalent in villages with industrial plantations (oil palm or timber). On the other hand, in degraded peatland, where fires are most intense during dry years induced by the El Niño episodes, occurrence rates were high regardless of village primary livelihoods. Based on these findings we recommend two key priorities for fire mitigation going forward for policy across different governance levels in Kalimantan: degraded peatland as the priority area and industrial plantations as the priority sector. Our study suggests a fire prevention and mitigation approach, which accounts for climate, land type and village livelihood, has the potential to deliver more effective means of management.     

冷涡背景下不同类型强对流天气的成因对比分析

结合地理分布将中国北方高空冷涡划分为东北冷涡（120°-145°E,35°-60°N）,华北冷涡（100°-130°E,30°-45°N）以及东蒙冷涡（100°-130°E,40°-55°N）三类,根据2000-2018年NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°再分析资料和日降水资料对19 a冷涡个例进行筛选对比,统计分析三类冷涡的活动规律,利用动态合成分析方法分析三类冷涡的结构和降水特征。结果表明：在490例高空冷涡个例中,遗漏的冷涡个例有2个,重复的个例有13个,剩下475例个例都能较好的被选出和归类,给出的三类冷涡定义较为合理。东北冷涡和东蒙冷涡在全年皆可生成,而华北冷涡在12月和2月没有发现。东北冷涡在4、5月生成最多,在3月和8月生成较少。华北冷涡在5月生成最多,冬季生成较少。东蒙冷涡在5、6、9三个月生成较多,在2、3和11月生成较少。对三类冷涡的动态合成分析表明：在结构方面,考察位势高度、温度、涡度、和等熵位涡分布,得到东北冷涡平均强度最强,东蒙冷涡次之,华北冷涡最弱;在降水方面,冷涡强度最强的时段,冷涡降水主要出现在高空急流出口区以北,对应有强的高层辐散。由于低层湿度分布以及水汽输送强度的不同,三类冷涡的降水大值中心位置有所差别,并且华北冷涡平均降水强度最大,东北冷涡次之,东蒙冷涡相对较小。

     

基于VLF/LF三维闪电监测定位系统的北京闪电特征分析

基于定位方式、电流强度和归闪标准三个方面对2016—2018年湖北省ADTD二维闪电定位网和VLF/LF三维闪电定位网的闪击数据进行了质控,并讨论了不同质控方法的差异,结果显示三维闪电定位网的探测灵敏度和探测效率显著高于二维闪电定位网,前者探测到的闪击总数约为后者的2.3倍,且能探测到更多弱的正闪击,闪电强度也更为集中。与此同时,对质控后的地闪数据的时间、空间和强度分布特征进行了对比分析,结果显示两套闪电定位网的负地闪日分布、月分布、地闪密度分布等变化特征相似;正地闪存在一定差异：二维闪电定位网的日分布和三维闪电定位网的月分布呈单峰分布特征,而二维闪电定位网的月分布和三维闪电定位网的日分布则呈双峰变化特征。总体而言,质控后的地闪数据与湖北省雷电日数的月分布以及闪电密度的地域分布均相符,表明相关质控方法是合理有效的。

     

运城盆地秋冬季PM2.5传输特征和源区分析

利用2017-2019年空气质量监测数据,采用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式、聚类分析、潜在源贡献因子分析法（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹分析法（CWT）,对运城市秋冬季大气PM2.5传输路径、对应重污染的天气形势和潜在源区进行分析。结果表明：（1）运城近地层盛行偏东风时污染频率高,弱的偏东风和西南风时,污染物浓度较大。秋冬季PM2.5后向轨迹西北方向最多达53.53%,偏东方向最少为11.25%,偏西方向和西南方向介于两者之间,分别为16.61%和12.06%。（2）不同轨迹对应天气形势不同,西北和偏西轨迹下,500 hPa高度场上为两槽一脊或偏西气流,700～850 hPa受脊前西北气流影响,地面为高压前底部型或均压场型;西南轨迹下,500 hPa高度场上为偏西气流,700～850 hPa运城处于槽前西南气流,地面气压场为高压前底部（底部）或均压场。（3）运城PM2.5潜在源区主要位于陕西南部、四川东部和新疆东南、甘肃的东南部等地区,说明影响运城秋冬季PM2.5的浓度除了来自汾渭平原西南部的颗粒物区域输送,来自西北方向新疆、甘肃的远距离颗粒物传输也是重要来源。     

池州地区冬半年固态降水及其环流背景统计特征

基于2003－2018年池州冬半年观测资料,采用T-mode主成分客观分析法（TPCA）等方法进行固态降水与环流背景的统计分析。结果表明：池州172个固态降水日中,固态降水的主要月份占比分别是1月的44.8%、2月的27.9%和12月的16.3%;其中雨雪转换、纯雪和冻雨3类占比分别为55.2%、41.3%和3.5%。环流形势可划分为一槽一脊型（Ⅰ型）,纬向波动型（Ⅱ型）和两槽一脊型（Ⅲ型）,Ⅰ型占比最多,Ⅱ型次之,Ⅲ型较少。Ⅰ～Ⅲ型分别代表北方冷空气从中路、西路和东路南下,池州固态降水过程主要受中路冷空气影响。Ⅰ型气温最低,出现固态降水概率最高,是其它形势3倍以上;Ⅱ型气温最高,出现固态降水概率最低。除Ⅲ型外,纯雪过程中低层温度均较雨雪转换过程低2.0 ℃左右;雨雪转换过程中925 hPa温度与850 hPa基本相同,一般在-4.0～-5.0 ℃之间,而纯雪过程则较850 hPa偏高1.0 ℃左右;雨雪转换过程1000 hPa温度基本在0 ℃附近,纯雪则在0 ℃以下。925 hPa盛行东北风,850 hPa存在气旋性环流,配合700 hPa上12.0 m/s左右急流、水汽通量及水汽通量散度大值中心,有利于池州固态降水的产生。它一般属于大尺度降水,层结稳定,锋区位于700 hPa以下,低层有冷平流,切变线一般位于850～800 hPa之间。     

Spatially explicit assessment of water embodied in European trade: A product-level multi-regional input-output analysis

Responsible water management in an era of globalised supply chains needs to consider both local and regional water balances and international trade. In this paper, we assess the water footprints of total final demand in the EU-27 at a very detailed product level and spatial scale—an important step towards informed water policy. We apply the multi-regional input-output (MRIO) model EXIOBASE, including water data, to track the distribution of water use along product supply chains within and across countries. This enables the first spatially-explicit MRIO analysis of water embodied in Europe’s external trade for almost 11,000 watersheds world-wide, tracing indirect (“virtual”) water consumption in one country back to those watersheds where the water was actually extracted. We show that the EU-27 indirectly imports large quantities of blue and green water via international trade of products, most notably processed crop products, and these imports far exceed the water used from domestic sources. The Indus, Danube and Mississippi watersheds are the largest individual contributors to the EU-27’s final water consumption, which causes large environmental impacts due to water scarcity in both the Indus and Mississippi watersheds. We conclude by sketching out policy options to ensure that sustainable water management within and outside European borders is not compromised by European consumption.     

Measuring and modeling Russian newspaper coverage of climate change

As a significant emitter of greenhouse gases and a country rich in fossil fuels, Russia plays a crucial role in achieving a comprehensive solution to climate-related challenges. Yet, Russia's official position on climate change has varied considerably since the beginning of global negotiations, with the country playing everything from policy leader to laggard. While there are a number factors that shape domestic policy positions, this study offers a comprehensive investigation of newspaper coverage on climate change in Russia. How have Russian newspapers discussed the issue since the Yeltsin era? We approach this question by compiling the largest data set of Russian newspaper coverage to date, which includes 11,131 climate-related articles from 65 papers over a roughly 35 year period. After introducing a “computer assisted” approach to measure the core themes running through climate change coverage, we statistically evaluate the national- and newspaper-level factors associated with how coverage is framed, focusing attention on 23 high circulation papers over the period from 2000 to 2014. We find that national-level predictors—particularly economic conditions—are highly influential in determining whether climate change is covered and how the issue is framed, while paper-level factors such as the presence of an energy interest and ownership structure also have notable effects. Overall, this study offers a rich data set and useful methods to better understand the drivers of climate communication in Russia.