Seismic studies of the Brasília fold belt at the western border of the São Francisco Craton, Central Brazil, using receiver function, surface-wave dispersion and teleseismic tomography

The Tocantins Province in Central Brazil is composed of a series of SSW–NNE trending terranes of mainly Proterozoic ages, which stabilized in the Neoproterozoic in the final collision between the Amazon and São Francisco cratons. No previous information on crustal seismic properties was available for this region. Several broadband stations were used to study the regional patterns of crustal and upper mantle structure, extending the results of a recent E–W seismic refraction profile. Receiver functions and surface wave dispersion showed a thin crust (33–37 km) in the Neoproterozoic Magmatic Arc terrane. High average crustal Vp/Vs ratios (1.74–1.76) were consistently observed in this unit. The foreland domain of the Brasília foldbelt, on the other hand, is characterized by thicker crust (42–43 km). Low Vp/Vs ratios (1.70–1.72) were observed in the low-grade foreland fold and thrust zone of the Brasília belt adjacent to the São Francisco craton. Teleseismic P-wave tomography shows that the lithospheric upper mantle has lower velocities beneath the Magmatic Arc and Goiás Massif compared with the foreland zone of the belt and São Francisco craton. The variations in crustal thickness and upper mantle velocities observed with the broadband stations correlate well with the measurements along the seismic refraction profile. The integration of all seismic observations and gravity data indicates a strong lithospheric contrast between the Goiás Massif and the foreland domain of the Brasília belt, whereas little variation was found across the foldbelt/craton surface boundary. These results support the hypothesis that the Brasília foreland domain and the São Francisco craton were part of a larger São Francisco-Congo continental plate in the final collision with the Amazon plate.     

周期基数插值对偶尺度函数和对偶小波

在对二维周期基数插值小波的尺度函数和小波函数研究的基础上,对二维周期基数插值小波的对偶尺度函数和对偶小波进行了研究,得到了一系列重要的结论。     

An integrated wavelet concept of physical geodesy

For the determination of the earth's gravity field many types of observations are nowadays available, including terrestrial gravimetry, airborne gravimetry, satellite-to-satellite tracking, satellite gradio-metry, etc. The mathematical connection between these observables on the one hand and gravity field and shape of the earth on the other is called the integrated concept of physical geodesy. In this paper harmonic wavelets are introduced by which the gravitational part of the gravity field can be approximated progressively better and better, reflecting an increasing flow of observations. An integrated concept of physical geodesy in terms of harmonic wavelets is presented. Essential tools for approximation are integration formulas relating an integral over an internal sphere to suitable linear combinations of observation functionals, i.e. linear functionals representing the geodetic observables. A scale discrete version of multiresolution is described for approximating the gravitational potential outside and on the earth's surface. Furthermore, an exact fully discrete wavelet approximation is developed for the case of band-limited wavelets. A method for combined global outer harmonic and local harmonic wavelet modelling is proposed corresponding to realistic earth's models. As examples, the role of wavelets is discussed for the classical Stokes problem, the oblique derivative problem, satellite-to-satellite tracking, satellite gravity gradiometry and combined satellite-to-satellite tracking and gradiometry. Received: 28 February 1997 / Accepted: 17 November 1997     

Using Spatial Statistics to Examine the Pattern of Urban Land Development in Halifax–Dartmouth

This article examines the locational patterns of population and employment and the resultant changes in urban form in the Halifax–Dartmouth region between 1970 and 1996. The article employs the univariate and bivariate K function to measure spatial dependence or clustering within and between the classes of residential and commercial land parcels. The results of the K function estimates suggest that residential land parcels cluster together, commercial land parcels cluster together, and residential and commercial land parcels have become more clustered over time. Evidence of clustering provides insight into the changing urban form of the region and possible multinucleation.     

基于模糊数学的公路枢纽重要性综合评判

通过对交通枢纽的介绍强调了公路枢纽的重要性,具体介绍了模糊综合评判的方法,重点介绍了隶属函数的概念以及常见的模糊分布,然后对公路枢纽的重要性进行了模糊综合评判,最后用东北地区几个城市的数据验证了模型的合理性。实验结果表明,利用模糊数学的方法,对于评判交通枢纽的重要性起着关键的作用。     

土地利用分类及其影响因素研究

土地利用分类是研究土地利用的最基础工作，它直接影响着土地利用的科研与实践，本文在全面研究土地利用分类理论与方法的基础上，比较且说明了当前国内外土地利用分类的优劣。并提出多层统一标准的系统分类设想。     

培育志趣，引导学生奔向地球科学大道

随着人类社会和科学技术的发展,尤其是中国国力的提升和教育的深化提高,教育改革,包括地学高等教育的改革,就更需进一步深化,以适应时代发展的需要。文章根据作者长期从事地学教学实践与科研的经历,针对2020年全国基础地质学教学会议关于普通地质学教学改革的精神,概括提出两点体会,一是关于普地教学目标和任务,二是涉及普地教学关键所在,供同行讨论。作者从地球科学基本特征和教学目标出发,提出普地教学的核心价值与重要性,进一步明确普地教学的关键在于教师队伍、教学定位与目标及教学内容与方法等三个方面。普通地质学的教学是地学高等教育中最基础、最关键的环节,其总体目标是提高地学教育的普适性,目的是培育学生的科学志趣,引导学生奔向地球科学大道。     

ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF NON-LINEAR SOIL RESPONSE AND DYNAMIC SOIL PROPERTIES USING VERTICAL ARRAY DATA IN JAPAN

Non-linear response of the soil is investigated by comparing the spectral ratios (uphole/downhole) using weak and strong motions. Data from seven vertical arrays in Japan are analysed in this study. The frequency-dependent transfer function of soil is calculated as a ratio of the spectrum at uphole to the spectrum at downhole, considering the horizontal component of shear wave. In spectral ratio analysis auto- and cross-spectra are employed. The reduction in the predominant frequency of the transfer function with increases in excitation level reflects the non-linear response of the soil. Results of analysis demonstrate a significant non-linear ground response at six sites with surface PGA exceeding 90 gal. However, the results of one site show the linear response up to 130 gal surface PGA. Furthermore, the in situ strain-dependent soil behaviour is examined through the shear modulus – shear strain relationship. When compared, the actual and laboratory results of the shear strain – shear modulus relationship are in agreement. Additionally, a good consistency between the tendency of reduction in shear modulus ratio with shear strain increases, and reduction of predominant frequency with ground motion increases, confirms the significance of non-linearity in site effects study.     

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MODEL OF A WATERSHED

ChinaisoneOfthecountrieswhichsufferfromthemostserioussoilerosionintheworld,andthehillyandgullyareasof~PlateauinthemiddlereachesOftheYellowRiverarethemostseriouserosionareainChina.Inthisarea,themainerosivefactorsarerainfallandrunoff.Sometimes,thesedimentyieldinasinglefloodeventcanbe40%oftheannualsedimentload.Therefore,itisveryimPOrtanttostudytheyieldandgraphOfSedimentOfsinglefindevent.Forthispn~,thispaperiswritten.AInongsedimentmodelsforsinglefloodevent,moreandmoreattentionwaspaidtOunitse…     

The Correlation Bias for Two-Dimensional Simulations by Turning Bands

The turning bands method (TBM) generates realizations of isotropic Gaussian random fields by summing contributions from line processes. We consider two-dimensional simulations and study the correlation bias attributable to the use of only a finite number L of lines. Our analytical and numerical results confirm that the maximal bias is of order 1/L, and that L = 64 lines suffice for excellent covariance reproduction. The notorious banding observed in simulations with an insufficient number of lines is a related but different phenomenon and depends strongly on the choice of the line simulation technique. Clear-cut recommendations for the number of lines necessary to avoid the effect can only be based on practical experience with the specific code at hand.