Sedimentary macro-structures and forming mechanism of debris flow

IIWr~IOWThesedimentarycharacteristicsofdebrisflowcanreflectthecompoSition,fluidtypeandsedimentaryprocess.ThescholarswhostudymoderndebrisfloWinChinagenerallyclassifydebrisflowbythemethodofviscositywithfloWpattern.SeveraltypicalschemesareshowninTable1,inwhichthemethodofunitweight(fluiddensityinunitvolumet/m3)isusedandfluidunitweightisthoughttobethedirectproPOSitiontotheviscosityofdebrisflow(Wu,1990).Ithasbeenprovedbyhydrcrmechacsthatnon-cohesivedebrisf1OwfollowsBagnoldgranular'flowmedel(B…     

与国际框架接轨的我国矿产资源/储量分类

回顾了我国现行矿产储量分类分级标准的制订情况,分析了其存在的主要问题。简要介绍了《联合国国际储量／ 资源分类框架》。通过新颁发的《固体矿产资源／ 储量分类》国家标准与我国现行分类及联合国框架的对比,阐述了其主要特点及实施意义。     

浅析四道沟金矿矿床成因及找矿方向

四道沟金矿是地质条件较为复杂的矿床,对其成因问题前人观点众说不一。比较典型的主要有岩浆热液成因和沉积变质成因,成因不同直接影响着找矿方向。根据矿床地质特征和工作实践认为：该矿床成因应为沉积变质－ 岩浆热液叠加改造型矿床。所以沉积变质和岩浆热液成矿的有利条件均应成为找矿的主要方向。据此开展的找矿工作已初步获得突破性进展。     

中国大陆中上地壳剪切波速结构

为使已获得的中国大陆中上地壳结构更为可靠,本文搜集了很多对浅部结构分辨率较好的短周期面波资料. 与传统面波层析成像反演方法不同,本文在第二步由面波频散得到剪切波速的过程中不再对每个结点进行一维波速模型分别反演,而是直接将所有结点上的区域化频散转换成三维波速结构的线性化约束,实现了直接的三维反演. 检测板测试结果显示该方法可以得到理想的反演结果. 本文得到的波速模型显示,中国大陆中上地壳的速度分布存在明显的横向变化和分区特征. 较低的波速异常很好地勾勒出我国主要的沉积盆地,波速异常在不同深度上的变化在一定程度上反映了各盆地结晶基底的深度. 以东经95deg;为界,特提斯构造域西部具有明显的低速异常,而东部基本没有低速异常. 基于油气资源多存在于沉积层中,而沉积层表现低速异常,我们推测特提斯构造域西部油气前景比东部好. 另外, 由于特提斯构造域西部低速非常明显,这可能也说明了其地壳温度较高. 兴安造山带的低速异常可能也说明了其地壳温度较高. 20 km深度上鄂尔多斯盆地西侧的弱低速带, 很好地勾勒出中国大陆近似沿105deg;经线的强震带的走势.      

藏北羌塘盆地晚侏罗世海相油页岩生物标志物特征、沉积环境分析及意义

胜利河油页岩位于青藏高原腹地的羌塘盆地,具单层厚度薄、区域延伸长的特点,为羌塘盆地新发现的又一处海相油页岩.采用GC-MS(IRMS)分析方法对该油页岩进行了研究,结果表明,胜利河油页岩(11层以及13层)含有丰富的正烷烃、类异戊二烯烃、萜类化合物和甾类化合物.正构烷烃呈前高后低的单峰型分布,nC15、nC16为主峰碳,轻烃组分占有绝对优势,OEP值0.96～0.97,接近平衡值1.00,Pr/Ph为0.57～0.75,显示弱的植烷优势;萜烷丰度顺序为五环三萜烷》三环萜烷》四环萜烷;规则甾烷呈不对称的"V"字型分布,表现为C27》C29》C28的分布特征.这些特征与剖面中其他岩性的生物标志物特征存在一定的差异,9层泥晶灰岩C21-/C21 值为0.86,轻烃优势并不明显;14层泥灰岩C21-/C21 值为0.41,具有明显的重碳优势;9层泥晶灰岩以及12层泥灰岩规则甾烷呈C29》C27》C28的特征也与油页岩层存在显著的差异.这些差异不仅反映了油页岩层与其他岩性间生物母源输入的差异,也反映了他们之间沉积环境的不同.胜利河地区油页岩的形成是综合因素控制的结果,古地理变化、海平面升降、生物群差异以及气候的变化均对该区油页岩的形成有一定的影响.     

河北宣化土城子组恐龙足迹化石新发现

本文报道了新近发现于河北宣化地区土城子组的恐龙足迹化石及沉积环境。为确定足迹化石的地质年代、土城子组的沉积环境及足迹化石属种,本文在对恐龙足迹化石层及其上、下地层进行剖面测制、沉积相划分和沉积环境分析的基础上,对化石层上覆凝灰岩层进行了LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb测年,并对保存较好的足迹化石进行了测量和对比研究工作。研究结果表明,土城子组底部为冲积扇扇中沉积环境,足迹化石上、下地层则表现为河流相沉积环境,而足迹化石的赋存层位形成于滨湖相沉积环境,发育暴露构造并含有大量裸子植物碎屑化石。凝灰岩锆石U-Pb加权平均年龄为152.3±0.3 Ma(MSWD=0.00106),说明化石层位于土城子组一段,时代属于晚侏罗世钦莫利期(Kimmeridgian)中晚期。已发现的足迹化石以兽脚类三趾型足迹为主,包括跷脚龙足迹属(Grallator)、安琪龙足迹属(Anchisauripus)和实雷龙足迹属(Eubrontes),其次为一些疑似蜥脚类恐龙足迹,是华北北缘土城子组中群落丰富度最高的恐龙足迹点,其中一处或许为中国北方面积最大的恐龙足迹点。因此,我们认为宣化-下花园盆地土城子组一段以河流、湖泊...     

西南天山中—新生界层控砂砾岩型铜铅锌矿成矿规律

西南天山是新疆中—新生界层控砂砾岩型铜铅锌矿的重要产出地区,以萨热克铜矿、乌拉根铅锌矿、花园铜矿、伽师铜矿为代表,均产于隆起剥蚀区边缘的红层盆地中并严格受层位控制,赋矿盆地的下部为煤系生烃岩,中部为渗透性良好的砂砾岩铜铅锌矿储集层,上覆膏岩及泥岩等密闭盖层,具有铜铅锌-铀-煤-天然气同盆共存富集的成矿特征。文章总结了西南天山赋矿盆地沉积-构造演化及赋矿层位特征,研究了铜铅锌典型矿床的控矿条件和成矿作用特征。通过对比分析,总结了中—新生界砂砾岩型铜铅锌矿的区域成矿规律,认为有机质与铜铅锌成矿关系密切,推测在原始矿源层的基础上,在隆起部位经油田卤水叠加形成铜铅锌贫矿体,喜马拉雅期断裂构造沟通深源成矿流体再次叠加形成铜铅锌富矿体。总结构建了西南天山中—新生界层控砂砾岩型铜铅锌矿的成矿模式,以期为已知矿山深边部勘查及区域找矿工作部署提供依据。     

A constitutive model for mechanical and chemo‐mechanical compaction in sedimentary basins and finite element analysis

Compaction and associated fluid flow are fundamental processes in sedimentary basin deformation. Purely mechanical compaction originates mainly from pore fluid expulsion and rearrangement of solid particles during burial, while chemo‐mechanical compaction results from Intergranular Pressure‐Solution (IPS) and represents a major mechanism of deformation in sedimentary basins during diagenesis. The aim of the present contribution is to provide a comprehensive 3D framework for constitutive and numerical modeling of purely mechanical and chemo‐mechanical compaction in sedimentary basins. Extending the concepts that have been previously proposed for the modeling of purely mechanical compaction in finite poroplasticity, deformation by IPS is addressed herein by means of additional viscoplastic terms in the state equations of the porous material. The finite element model integrates the poroplastic and poroviscoplastic components of deformation at large strains. The corresponding implementation allows for numerical simulation of sediments accretion/erosion periods by progressive activation/deactivation of the gravity forces within a fictitious closed material system. Validation of the numerical approach is assessed by means of comparison with closed‐form solutions derived in the context of a simplified compaction model. The last part of the paper presents the results of numerical basin simulation performed in one dimensional setting, demonstrating the ability of the modeling to capture the main features in elastoplastic and viscoplastic compaction. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Holocene cool‐water carbonate and terrigenous sediments from southern Spencer Gulf,South Australia

Holocene sediments from southern Spencer Gulf are cool‐water carbonate‐rich gravels and sands, dominated by molluscs and Bryozoa. Five sedimentary fades are recognized: (i) molluscan gravel; (ii) branching coralline‐algal gravel, associated with shallow partially protected environments; (iii) molluscan‐biyozoan sand; (iv) mixed bioclastic sand, representative of the deeper central region of the lower gulf; and (v) bryozoan gravel, an isolated fades developed in a semi‐protected micro‐environment. The southern gulf is characterized by complex oceanographic conditions together with variations in water depth and substrate. The sediments share the characteristics of both the southern shelf and upper Spencer Gulf. Grain‐size distribution and sedimentary facies are controlled by a combination of all the above processes. Past sea level fluctuations are recognized from sea floor strand‐line deposits. The relic component of the palimpsest sediments has eroded from the Pleistocene aeolianite dunes. The sediments, therefore, reflect both the modern marine and past environments.