A data‐based mechanistic modelling (DBM) approach to understanding dynamic sediment transmission through Wyresdale Park Reservoir,Lancashire, UK

This paper outlines the application of a new data‐based mechanistic (DBM) modelling methodology to the characterization of the sediment transmission dynamics in a small upland reservoir, Wyresdale Park, Lancashire. The DBM modelling strategy exploits advanced statistical procedures to infer the dynamic model structure and its associated parameters directly from the instrumented data, producing a parametrically efficient, continuous time, transfer function model which relates suspended sediment load at the reservoir inflow to the outflow at the event scale. The associated differential equation model parameters have physical attributes which can be interpreted in terms of sediment transmission processes and associated reservoir trap efficiency. Sedigraph analysis suggests that wind‐induced resuspension episodically supplies an additional load to the reservoir outlet. The stochastic nature of the DBM model makes it ideal for evaluating the effects of uncertainty through Monte Carlo simulations (MCS) for discharge and sediment transmission. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Natural radioactivity in sediment of Wei River,China

The concentrations of natural radionuclides in sediment of Wei River of China were measured using γ-ray spectrometry with the aim of estimating the radiation hazard as establishing a database for radioactivity levels of river sediment of China. The activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K in sediment samples ranged from 10.4 to 39.9 Bq kg⁻¹, 15.3 to 54.8 Bq kg⁻¹ and 514.8 to 1,175.5 Bq kg⁻¹, respectively. The concentrations of these radionuclides were compared with the typical world values and the average activities of Chinese soil and Shaanxi soil. Radium equivalent activity (Ra_eq), external hazard index (H _ex) and representative level index (I _γr) were calculated for the samples to assess the radiation hazards arising due to the use of these sediment samples in the construction of dwellings. All the sediment samples have Ra_eq lower than the limit of 370 Bq kg⁻¹, H _ex less than unity and I _γr close to 1 Bq kg⁻¹. The overall mean outdoor terrestrial gamma dose rate is 64.8 nGy h⁻¹ and the corresponding outdoor annual effective dose is 0.079 mSv. None of the studied location is considered a radiological risk and sediment can be safely used in construction.     

氧化还原条件对红枫湖沉积物磷释放影响的微尺度分析

选取贵州红枫湖为研究对象,在实验室条件下模拟了自然、好氧和厌氧条件下沉积物内源磷的释放过程,联合应用微电极技术和沉积物磷形态分析对沉积物—水界面开展了微尺度观测与研究.结果表明,厌氧条件下红枫湖沉积物总磷含量显著降低,且主要是NaOH提取态磷(NaOH-P)和残渣态磷(rest-P)含量降低所致,厌氧条件下沉积物孔隙水中磷酸盐浓度明显升高,而好氧条件下沉积物孔隙水磷酸盐浓度显著降低,反映厌氧条件显著促进了红枫湖沉积物磷释放.厌氧条件下沉积物内部溶解氧浓度下降、硫还原活动增强可能是导致NaOH-P释放的主要原因.O_2浓度的降低加速了沉积物还原作用并产生大量H2S,进而与二价铁离子形成硫化亚铁沉淀,最终导致NaOH-P(Fe-P)释放到孔隙水中.好氧条件向厌氧条件的转换可通过改变沉积物内部pH值分布和微生物活动促使rest-P释放:厌氧条件下,厌氧微生物不仅可以消耗硫酸根产生H_2S,导致pH值降低,还可消耗有机质,将有机磷转变为无机磷.上述研究结果表明,沉积物—水界面氧化还原环境可影响沉积物氧渗透深度、pH值分布、微生物活动、硫循环以及有机质降解过程,进而控制沉积物磷的形态转化与释放.联合应用微电极技术和沉积物磷形态分析对湖泊沉积物—水界面开展微尺度观测研究是揭示沉积物内源磷释放机制与控制因素的有效途径.     

南海东部海域柱样沉积物浊流沉积探讨

利用1998年南海东部陆坡69号柱样、深海盆149号柱样、南部岛礁323号柱样沉积物的粒度、化学、古生物、矿物等鉴定分析测试资料,分析了南海东部海域发生浊流沉积的地质背景、产生浊流沉积的条件和诱发因素,进而发现南海东部浊流沉积发育,在南北陆坡及中部深海盆地均有浊流沉积层。从其出现层位看,为氧同位素2—4期,即晚更新世中晚期。从浊流沉积出现层数分析,具有自北向南浊流发生频次减弱的趋势。从浊流沉积物成分看,南海东部浊流沉积物具有多样性,北部陆坡以陆源为主,中部深海盆以陆源及火山源为主,南部岛礁以生物源为主。     

淤泥质浅滩泥沙临界起动切应力剖面确定

为了确定淤泥质浅滩泥沙的临界起动切应力垂线剖面,采用音叉密度计在淤泥质连云港徐圩浅滩进行了定点密度垂线分布测量,并针对该海域的泥沙利用长水槽和环形槽开展了泥沙起动室内试验。淤泥密度现场结果表明,浅滩泥沙密度与深度满足对数型关系;室内试验得出密度1 050~1 400 kg/m³的泥沙临界起动切应力值为0.1~1.0 Pa,泥沙临界切应力与密度呈指数关系;进而确定了临界起动切应力与深度的关系即临界起动切应力剖面,该剖面关系式可供数学模型模拟淤泥质浅滩的泥沙起动过程参考。     

超声与振荡提取沉积物中松散结合态磷的比较

用超声技术提取沉积物样品中松散结合态磷,并与振荡提取结果进行比较。结果表明,超声提取结果与振荡提取结果大致相当。超声提取耗时短,操作简单易行,测试结果精密度为3.8%(RSD,n=7),可以替代振荡方法提取沉积物中的松散结合态磷。     

波浪作用下岸坡和海底平衡条件的研究

提出波浪作用下岸坡和海底动态和静态平衡条件的数学模型。在已建立的推移质泥沙体积输沙率基本关系式的基础上,根据连续方程,计算出底坡、泥沙、波浪三要素在动态和静态平衡情况下的关系式,得出反映这种关系的底坡平衡函数曲线图。用实际资料对这一函数曲线进行了验证,并对实际资料相对模型的某些差异作出解释。     

海气通量算法在海上蒸发波导诊断中的应用

利用TOGA COARE Bulk Air-Sea Flux Algorithm3.0,建立了基于通量算法的蒸发波导模型(Flux Evaporation duct Model),并进行了环境敏感性分析,而且与Paulus-Jeske模型对比,进行误差敏感性分析,并开展了雷达探测评估的海上试验,较全面的阐述了基于通量算法的蒸发波导模型的性能。     

黄河下游泥沙输移数值模拟

本文从数学模型入手,探讨黄河下游在多年平均来水来沙条件下,泥沙输移与泥沙淤积的特性,得出黄河下游泥沙沿程淤积分布不均匀主要是由于粗沙、中沙沿程淤积不均匀造成的,如果使来沙减少42.6%,黄河下游可望达到冲淤平衡.     

地面加热对沙尘暴数值模拟结果的影响研究

利用沙尘数值预报模式并针对2002年3月18—20日典型沙尘暴过程,模拟研究了地面热通量对沙尘暴的影响及其机制。结果发现,沙尘天气数值预报模式较准确地模拟了本次沙尘暴过程。模式对白天地面加热强度和夜间地面冷却强度均有一定程度的高估。地面热通量能够使沙尘暴明显增强,同时也通过导致地面风速、层结稳定度、地面摩擦速度产生明显的日变化,进而导致沙尘暴强度的日变化。地面热通量影响地面风速的方式是导致混合层形成,从而有利于产生高空动量下传。另外,沙尘暴发生时地面热通量主要影响地面和行星边界层中的天气要素,随时间推移地面热通量能够持续影响上升运动强度,且这一影响从边界层逐渐向上扩展到自由大气,并达到500 hPa以上。