江西省及邻区地震动参数衰减关系

在利用江西省及邻区的地震烈度等震线资料建立该区地震烈度衰减关系的基础上,以美国西部为参考地区,转换得到了相应的水平向基岩峰值加速度与反应谱衰减关系,并与中国东部地区的地震动参数衰减关系进行了对比,其结果更加符合该区历史和近代地震震害分布的地域性特点,可进一步应用于地震安全性评价、震害预测、损失快速评估等研究     

Water surface mapping from airborne laser scanning using signal intensity and elevation data

In recent years airborne laser scanning (ALS) evolved into a state‐of‐the‐art technology for topographic data acquisition. We present a novel, automatic method for water surface classification and delineation by combining the geometrical and signal intensity information provided by ALS. The reflection characteristics of water surfaces in the near‐infrared wavelength (1064 nm) of the ALS system along with the surface roughness information provide the basis for the differentiation between water and land areas. Water areas are characterized by a high number of laser shot dropouts and predominant low backscatter energy. In a preprocessing step, the recorded intensities are corrected for spherical loss and atmospheric attenuation, and the locations of laser shot dropouts are modeled. A seeded region growing segmentation, applied to the point cloud and the modeled dropouts, is used to detect potential water regions. Object‐based classification of the resulting segments determines the final separation of water and non‐water points. The water‐land‐boundary is defined by the central contour line of the transition zone between water and land points. We demonstrate that the proposed workflow succeeds for a regulated river (Inn, Austria) with smooth water surface as well as for a pro‐glacial braided river (Hintereisfernerbach, Austria). A multi‐temporal analysis over five years of the pro‐glacial river channel emphasizes the applicability of the developed method for different ALS systems and acquisition settings (e.g. point density). The validation, based on real time kinematic (RTK) global positioning system (GPS) field survey and a terrestrial orthophoto, indicate point cloud classification accuracy above 97% with 0·45 m planimetric accuracy (root mean square error) of the water–land boundary. This article shows the capability of ALS data for water surface mapping with a high degree of automation and accuracy. This provides valuable datasets for a number of applications in geomorphology, hydrology and hydraulics, such as monitoring of braided rivers, flood modeling and mapping. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Investigation of the relationship of seismic intensity measures and the accumulation of damage on concrete gravity dams using incremental dynamic analysis

Nonlinear analysis tools are gaining prominence for the design and evaluation of concrete gravity dams. The performance limits of concrete gravity dams within the framework of performance based design are challenging to determine in comparison to those used for the assessments based on linear elastic analyses. The uncertainty in quantifying the behavior of these systems and the strong dependence of the behavior on the ground motion play an important role. The purpose of the study is to quantify the damage levels on a representative monolith using incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). For this purpose, the constitutive model utilized was calibrated first to the existing experimental results to verify the ability of the utilized cracking model to simulate the crack propagation process. Next, the relation between the damage levels on the monolith and the ground motion characteristics was investigated. The results of the conducted IDA showed that the engineering demand parameters (EDP) such as the crest displacement and acceleration showed weak correlation with the damage states. The spectral velocity and the peak ground acceleration were determined to be better predictors for the damage on the monolith. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ductility‐dependent intensity measure that accounts for ground‐motion spectral shape and duration

The calculated nonlinear structural responses of a building can vary greatly, even if recorded ground motions are scaled to the same spectral acceleration at a building's fundamental period. To reduce the variation in structural response at a particular ground‐motion intensity, this paper proposes an intensity measure (IM_comb) that accounts for the combined effects of spectral acceleration, ground‐motion duration, and response spectrum shape. The intensity measure includes a new measure of spectral shape that integrates the spectrum over a period range that depends on the structure's ductility. The new IM is efficient, sufficient, scalable, transparent, and versatile. These features make it suitable for evaluating the intensities of measured and simulated ground motions. The efficiency and sufficiency of the new IM is demonstrated for the following: (i) elastic‐perfectly plastic single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) oscillators with a variety of ductility demands and periods; (ii) ductile and brittle deteriorating SDOF systems with a variety of periods; and (iii) collapse analysis for 30 previously designed frames. The efficiency is attributable to the inclusion of duration and to the ductility dependence of the spectral shape measure. For each of these systems, the transparency of the intensity measure made it possible to identify the sensitivity of structural response to the various characteristics of the ground motion. Spectral shape affected all structures, but in particular, ductile structures. Duration only affected structures with cyclic deterioration. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于历史地震烈度的云南地区烈度频度估算

利用文献记载以及实际震害考察资料, 对地震多发的云南地区进行地震烈度频度估算分析。 首先, 利用ArcGIS对历史震害资料进行数字化处理, 并对云南地区进行0.2°×0.2°的经纬单元网格化处理, 分别以1500—2015年、 1900—2015年两个时间跨度资料计算每个单元网格的地震烈度-频度关系, 并进行分析讨论。 同时, 结合百年重复周期烈度与云南地区的人口经济数据对比分析, 提出需要关注的高烈度地区, 为地震危险区划提供参考。 本文的方法依托历史震害资料, 尽可能减少了评估的各种假设, 简明地反映了区域不同烈度频度分布。     

基于多维度声学特征优选的多波束海底底质分类

海底表层底质分布信息的准确获取在构建海洋基础地理数据库中发挥着重要作用。目前,多波束是实现大范围海底底质分类的有效手段之一,基于多波束测深和反向散射强度数据所派生的声学特征被广泛应用于底质分类建模。然而,随着特征维度的增加,特征空间中存在的无关和冗余特征严重影响底质分类精度。为了定量评估声学特征对底质类别的表征能力,并消除无效特征对分类结果的干扰,本文提出了基于多维度声学特征优选的海底底质分类方法。首先,结合实际底质样本的物理属性对多维特征进行排序和优选,排除冗余和无关特征。其次,分别应用支持向量机、随机森林和深度信念网络构建海底底质监督分类模型。通过利用爱尔兰海南部多波束调查数据和实地取样信息进行试验,结果表明提出方法对海底底质的总体分类精度和Kappa系数分别最高达到了86.20%和0.834,相较于主成分分析和熵指标特征选择方法有明显提高,突出了该方法在海底底质探测及制图的应用潜力。     

Fully probabilistic seismic displacement analysis of spatially distributed slopes using spatially correlated vector intensity measures

Earthquake‐induced slope displacement is an important parameter for safety evaluation and earthquake design of slope systems. Traditional probabilistic seismic hazard analysis usually focuses on evaluating slope displacement at a particular location, and it is not suitable for spatially distributed slopes over a large region. This study proposes a computationally efficient framework for fully probabilistic seismic displacement analysis of spatially distributed slope systems using spatially correlated vector intensity measures (IMs). First, a spatial cross‐correlation model for three key ground motion IMs, that is, peak ground acceleration (PGA), Arias intensity, and peak ground velocity, is developed using 2686 ground motion recordings from 11 recent earthquakes. To reduce the computational cost, Monte Carlo simulation and data reduction techniques are utilized to generate spatially correlated random fields for the vector IMs. The slope displacement hazards over the region are further quantified using empirical predictive equations. Finally, an illustrative example is presented to highlight the importance of the spatial correlation and the advantage of using spatially correlated vector IMs in seismic hazard analysis of spatially distributed slopes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

洱源5.5级地震前后地磁场变化异常特征分析

利用2013年3月3日洱源5.5级地震前后所获得的2种流动地磁资料,分析了地磁总强度与矢量观测的异常变化特征。(1)地磁总强度观测结果表明:地震前,测区内相邻期总强度变化的正负值区大致均衡,逐渐演变为整个测区都是正值并出现高梯度带,正值的高梯度带再演变为正负值交界的高梯度带,此时震中位于正值高梯度带的边缘;地震后,正负值交界的高梯度带远离震中,正负值区又大致均衡;(2)地磁矢量观测结果表明:地震前,岩石圈磁场变化的水平矢量、垂直矢量在震区均有显著差异,磁偏角、磁倾角和总强度变化的零等变线均在震区周边穿过;地震后,岩石圈磁场变化的水平、垂直矢量在震区的显著差异消失,磁偏角和总强度在震区正负值交界的高梯度带逐渐消失,磁偏角的零等变线在震区未出现。     

2013年巴基斯坦Mw7.7地震震源参数特征及烈度分布估计

2013年9月24日巴基斯坦中南部发生Mw7.7地震,震中位于巴基斯坦阿瓦兰县北部69 km处,发震断层为走滑断层机制,极震区烈度达到Ⅸ度以上.我们计算了巴基斯坦地震的视应力、应力降等震源参数,明确该地震为断层动态摩擦过程中的应力上调模式;进一步选取发震断层面上滑动位移的反演结果,构建有限断层模型,对近断层区域的强地面运动进行估算,并基于强地面运动模拟结果给出震区的烈度分布图.结果显示,模拟的巴基斯坦地震烈度图极震区烈度达到Ⅸ度,Ⅶ度烈度影响范围与美国地质调查局震后给出的震动图(ShakeMap)较为一致.强烈地震发生后,基于强地面运动模拟计算给出的烈度分布情况具备较好的合理性,对震区给出及时的震情判定和开展相应的救灾工作具有较高的实际价值.     

不同地震动衰减关系模型在河北地区应用

河北省目前主要采用的是霍俊荣给出的适用于中国华北地区的地震动反应谱的衰减,该衰减关系分为Ⅱ型衰减关系模型和Ⅲ型衰减关系模型。使用Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型模型以及烈度衰减关系,对石家庄、邯郸、邢台、保定、张家口、承德、唐山、秦皇岛、廊坊、沧州10个地级市以及沙城、三河、宁晋、磁县等曾经历史上发生过大地震的地方,进行50年超越概率10%的峰值加速度和烈度值的计算,得出不同衰减关系模型适合使用于不同地区。