海洋中90Sr:日本周边海域与南海的对比

90Sr长期被视为最重要的人工放射性核素之一,日本福岛核事故导致包括90Sr在内的大量放射性物质泄漏进入海洋,厂区储水罐中冷却废水至今仍然存在大量90Sr。海洋中90Sr分析方法却繁琐耗时,导致核事故后的90Sr研究较为匮乏,且缺乏系统的认识。本研究在2015?2018年期间测量南海海水和多种海洋生物(马尾藻、海虾、牡蛎、红树林植物、造礁珊瑚)中90Sr的基础上,深入分析核事故后日本周边海域和南海90Sr的比活度水平与环境半衰期。结合文献资料,本研究发现1975?2010年期间日本近岸海水90Sr的环境半衰期为15.4 a,2011年的核事故后日本周边海洋中90Sr比活度显著升高,基于ERICA软件定量计算核事故后90Sr对海洋鱼类的剂量率比核事故前的结果高5个数量级。南海作为福岛核事故后北太平洋环流的下游海域,本文进一步构建1984?2018年期间南海90Sr比活度的历史曲线,发现核事故前后南海90Sr比活度水平没有可识别的变化,进一步定量计算南海90Sr的环境半衰期为26.7 a,发现边缘海和大洋中90Sr和137Cs环境半衰期格局差异与核素(90Sr和137Cs)的源汇过程(河流输入和海洋生物泵)密切相关。鉴于海洋中90Sr分析方法的挑战性,本文发现在10多种海洋生物中造礁珊瑚骨骼几乎拥有最高的90Sr浓集因子(约1 000 L/kg),同时具有较易大量获取、固定附着生长、连续高分辨率记录、前处理简单快速等优点,很可能是海洋中90Sr可靠的指示生物。造礁珊瑚中90Sr研究将有利于揭示人工放射性核素的源汇过程,同时为我国海洋放射性监测方案和相关标准导则的优化和完善提供有益的参考。     

共沉淀富集法测定海水中稀土元素含量方法研究

稀土元素已越来越多地应用于示踪各类地球化学体系的物质来源与岩石矿物形成等演化过程。但在进行海水样品的稀土元素检测时,由于样品的高盐特征和稀土元素的痕量特征又使得分析具有相当的挑战性。本研究旨在从高盐的海水基质中有效分离并富集痕量的稀土元素,同时结合电感耦合等离子体质谱（Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, ICP-MS）技术对海水中的稀土进行定量分析。通过对海水样品稀土元素的定量限分析、加标回收实验和梯度加标回收实验,验证了方法的准确性,评估方法的分离富集效率。通过共沉淀过程中的pH比较、氢氧化钠与氨水作为共沉淀剂的比较,确定了富集过程中共沉淀剂用量、种类等影响因素。通过稀土元素配分曲线的绘制与类似样品结果进行比对,以及标准海水的检测结果,验证了方法在实际样品中的可行性。本研究探索了共沉淀富集法在分离富集海水中稀土元素的实验条件,实现高盐背景下痕量稀土的准确定量,并将其用于近岸海水与孔隙水的实际检测。     

钦州湾海水和香港牡蛎体内脂溶性贝类毒素污染特征

近年中国沿海普遍受到脂溶性贝类毒素(lipophilic shellfish toxins,LSTs)的污染。钦州湾是国内外闻名的牡蛎养殖基地,目前仍不了解该海域海水和主要养殖品种香港牡蛎(Crassostrea hongkongensis)沾染LSTs毒素情况与食用安全性。本文于2015年10月至2016年9月,在钦州湾香港牡蛎养殖区海水交换口处,通过固相吸附毒素跟踪技术(solid phase adsorption toxin tracking,SPATT)吸附收集海水中的脂溶性贝类毒素,同时每月采集香港牡蛎样品,应用液相色谱串联质谱法分析海水和香港牡蛎体内的LSTs毒素含量与组成,并对香港牡蛎食用安全性进行评估。结果表明:(1)海水共检出GYM、OA和PTX2三种组分,平均浓度分别为0.44、14.20和1.67μg/(kg resin·30d)。香港牡蛎共检出DTX2、GYM、SPX1、Homo-YTX四种组分,其中Homo-YTX为定性结果, DTX2、GYM、SPX1三者平均浓度分别为0.95、18.86和0.95μg/kg。(2) GYM毒素均值在海水中和香港牡蛎体内含量变化趋势呈正相关,Pearson相关系数为0.70;OAs毒素在海水中和香港牡蛎体内变化趋势类似, Pearson相关系数为0.35。(3)毒素存在一定季节变化。海水OA和PTX2夏季高,其他季节低,均值最高值分别发生在7月和6月;香港牡蛎体内GYM冬季和夏季较高,DTX2春季和夏季较高;但海水中的GYM和香港牡蛎体内的SPX1全年变化均不明显。总体而言,钦州湾海水和香港牡蛎已受到多个LSTs毒素组分污染,海水LSTs毒素含量较国内其他海域低,参考欧盟LSTs毒素标准,本海域的香港牡蛎脂溶性贝类毒素仍未超标,可放心食用。     

表层海水硅同位素的分布特征及其影响因素

本文分析了采集自太平洋、印度洋和大西洋的表层海水溶解硅酸盐的δ30Si值,结果表明,太平洋表层海水的δ30Si值为0.45‰～2.91‰,平均值为(1.52±0.59)‰;印度洋表层海水的δ30Si值为0.98‰～2.30‰,平均值为(1.52±0.36)‰;大西洋表层海水的δ30Si值为0.90‰～2.23‰,其平均...     

龙门山断裂带多参数深部结构成像与地震成因研究

通过反演大量的纵、横波地震数据,获得了沿龙门山断裂带及周边区域的深部三维精细结构,结合前人二维大地电磁探测研究成果,提出龙门山断裂带地壳形变与深部速度结构和导电率不均匀性有关,探讨了2008年汶川和2013年芦山地震的诱发和产生与流体侵入及地壳形变的密切关系.本研究发现,2008年汶川地震发生在高速度、高泊松比和低电导率的区域,2013年芦山地震则位于高速度、低泊松比和低电导率的发震层.在上地壳中,四川前陆盆地的低速、低泊松比和低阻异常与松潘一甘孜地块的高速、高泊松比和高阻异常形成了鲜明的对比.在龙门山断裂带下方的两个低速和低阻块体,将龙门山断裂带分成南、中和北三段.我们的研究认为,这两个异常体与来自松潘甘孜地块的下地壳和(或)上地幔的局部熔融或流体侵入到龙门山断裂带的脆弱区有关.基于对汶川和芦山地震的余震分布特征及震源区的地震波速度、泊松比及电阻率参数分析,揭示了龙门山断裂带深部剧烈的地壳形变与流体应力积累对2008年汶川和2013年芦山地震的触发及其地震破裂过程具有重要的控制作用.     

Transience of seawater intrusion and retreat in response to incremental water‐level variations

This paper provides for the first time an experimental study where the impact of sea‐level fluctuations and inland boundary head‐level variations on freshwater–saltwater interface toe motion and transition zone dynamics was quantitatively analysed under transient conditions. The experiments were conducted in a laboratory flow tank where various (inland and coastal) head changes were imposed to the system and the response of the key seawater intrusion parameters was analysed with high spatial and temporal resolution. Two homogeneous aquifer systems of different grain size were tested. The numerical code SEAWAT was used for the validation. The results show that in cases of sea‐level variations, the intruding wedge required up to twice longer time to reach a new steady‐state condition than the receding wedge, which thereby extend the theory of timescale asymmetry between saltwater intrusion and retreat processes in scenarios involving sea‐level fluctuations. The intruding and receding rates of the saltwater wedge were respectively similar in the scenario involving sea‐level and the freshwater‐level changes, despite change in transmissivity. The results show that, during the intrusion phase, the transition zone remains relatively insensitive, regardless of where the boundary head change occurs (i.e., freshwater drop or sea‐level rise) or its magnitude. By contrast, a substantial widening of the transition zone was observed during the receding phase, with almost similar amplitude in the scenario involving a rise of the freshwater level compared with that caused by a drop of the saltwater level, provided that an equivalent absolute head change magnitude was used. This transition zone widening (occurring during saltwater retreat) was greater and extended over longer period in the low hydraulic conductivity aquifer, for both freshwater‐level rise and sea‐level drop scenarios. The concentration maps revealed that the widening mechanism was also enhanced by the presence of some freshwater sliding and into the wedge during saltwater retreat, which was thereafter sucked upward towards the interface because of density difference effects.     

Modeling the Water-Flushing Properties of the Yangtze Estuary and Adjacent Waters

As a multi-branch estuary system, the Yangtze Estuary presents distinctive characteristics of hydrodynamic processes through co-action among river runoff, tides, wind-waves, and gravitational circulation. To study the pathways of flushing water along all of the estuary's branches and analyze their differences, especially those due to the influence of seawater intrusion and discharge variations, a free surface flow modeling suite TELEMAC-MASCARET involving passive tracers was applied to the Yangtze Estuary and the adjacent waters. The open boundary conditions were provided by the Nao.99 b model(Matsumoto et al., 2000), which was calibrated using observed velocity and salinity data obtained in March 2002. The water age, which was used as the diagnostic tool to study the flushing efficiency of the water body across the estuary, was solved by additional advection-diffusion-reaction equations implemented in the TELEMAC modeling system. The transport properties were investigated under different river discharge scenarios, which represented seasonal impacts; aspects relating to the influence of tide, surface wind stress, and density-induced circulation on age were also investigated. Model results showed that river runoff is one of the dominant factors influencing the spatial distribution of the mean age, while tidal force is another important factor. The horizontal freshwater age distribution demonstrated similarity compared with the salinity distribution; the vertical age distribution resembled the stratification pattern of salinity in all branches where stratification persists. An experimental numerical simulation of tracing saltwater age from the lower reaches of the estuary was conducted, and implicated the connectivity with transport processes of freshwater from upstream. Additionally, a particle tracking algorithm was used to analyze the dynamic characteristics of the four passages. The South Passage and South Channel were found to be significant as main water flow passages, while salinity intrusion in the North Branch was found to cause a return flow that partially joins the South Branch flushing water.     

新疆阿尔泰克兰盆地泥盆纪花岗岩年代学特征及其地质意义

新疆阿尔泰克兰盆地及外围广泛发育花岗质侵入岩。对分布于克兰盆地西南部和东北部的花岗岩开展了详细的岩相学及年代学研究,旨在为进一步研究克兰盆地的形成和演化机制提供新的依据。研究的花岗岩类有中细粒含二云正长花岗岩、中粗粒二云二长花岗岩、白云二长花岗岩和中粗粒英云闪长岩,LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为(404.6±4.7)、(386.7±4.8)、(395.6±2.9)和(406.6±3.1)Ma,表明岩体侵位于早—中泥盆世。结合区域年代学和地质背景的研究成果认为,克兰盆地花岗岩形成时代有奥陶纪、泥盆纪和二叠纪,其中泥盆纪花岗岩的分布范围最大,泥盆纪特别是400Ma左右为克兰盆地花岗质岩浆侵入活动的高峰期,与区域上一致。克兰盆地泥盆纪花岗岩与康布铁堡组火山岩时代大体一致,花岗岩侵位略晚于火山岩,花岗岩与火山岩的时空关系表明两者为陆缘弧构造背景下同一岩浆事件的产物。     

东天山图拉尔根镁铁—超镁铁质岩体辉石矿物学特征及其地质意义

东天山图拉尔根镁铁—超镁铁质岩体主要包含角闪橄榄岩相、辉石橄榄岩相和辉长岩相,辉石为各岩相主要造岩矿物之一。采用电子探针和LA-ICPMS技术对不同岩相中辉石的主量、微量元素进行测试分析,以探讨岩体的性质、来源和演化过程。东天山图拉尔根镁铁—超镁铁质岩体中斜方辉石属古铜辉石,而单斜辉石则为透辉石和顽透辉石。辉石温压计算表明其结晶温度为978℃~1059℃,结晶压力主要为0.71~4.80kbar。岩体母岩浆为亚碱性拉斑玄武质岩浆,是被俯冲板片交代过的亏损地幔发生13%~20%部分熔融的产物。岩体内不同岩相中辉石的化学成分变化较小,表明岩体的结晶分异程度较低,其中辉长岩相的结晶程度较角闪橄榄岩相和辉石橄榄岩相略高;岩浆上侵过程中,角闪橄榄岩相和辉石橄榄岩相受到富硅地壳物质的混染,而辉长岩相受到富铝围岩的混染。结晶分异作用和富硅地壳的混染是引起图拉尔根岩体硫饱和及硫化物熔离的重要因素。     

广西廉州湾和三娘湾表层水体中多环芳烃的时空分布与来源解析

以16种优控多环芳烃（PAHs）为研究对象,分别于2017年夏季（8月）和冬季（12月）采集广西廉州湾和三娘湾的河口和海岸带14个站位的表层海水样品,利用固相萃取、气相色谱-质谱联用仪对其进行分析,探讨其时空分布、组成和来源,并评价其生态风险。结果表明：廉州湾和三娘湾河口及海岸带水体中多环芳烃单体的平均质量浓度总体上与其溶解度和极性呈正相关关系,即以2~3环芳烃为主,4~6环芳烃检出率和质量浓度均较低。PAHs总质量浓度（∑16PAHs）在夏季河口水体（72.71 ng/L）明显高于海岸带水体（56.28 ng/L）（t检验,p＜0.01）,冬季河口（106.67 ng/L）与海岸带（92.43 ng/L）差异不显著（t检验,p＞0.05）。冬季河口和海岸带PAHs质量浓度均明显高于夏季。大风江和南流江PAHs的入海通量达525.3 kg/a,夏秋季占85%以上,反映了雨季河流对海岸带具有明显的影响。南流江PAHs入海通量占2条河流总量的87%以上,对廉州湾和三娘湾的影响最大。运用同分异构体比值和主成分分析方法对海水中PAHs进行来源解析,结果表明：夏季主要为燃烧源和石油源的混合来源,冬季主要为燃烧源。与其他国家或地区相比,廉州湾和三娘湾海水中PAHs质量浓度处于较低水平。生态风险评价结果显示廉州湾和三娘湾表层海水中的PAH风险较小。