CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE SUB-TROPICAL HIGH SEASONAL SPLITTING OVER THE ASIAN MONSOON SECTORS AND ITS POSSIBLE MECHANISM

The splitting of the Northern Hemisphere sub-tropical high (SH) during spring to summer and its possible mechanisms has been analyzed. Results indicate that the splitting of SH occurs over the Bay of Bengal to the Indo-China peninsula. However, remarkable contrast exists in the Hadley cell at the lower and upper levels over these sectors during March to May. The land surface sensitive/latent heating both play an important role, and decay the local Hadley cell over the Indo-China peni…     

A PRELIMINARY VALIDATION STUDY OF THE SEASONAL FORECAST OF CCCMA MODEL OVER CHINA

In this study we validate the raw ensemble mean forecasts of the CCCma's GCM2 modelagainst surface temperature and precipitation data obtained from 160 Chinese stations.It is foundthat despite the lagre biases,the model was able to produce seasonal anomalies that haveproperties that are reasonably close to those that are observed.This anomaly is the quantity ofinterest when forecasting seasonal climatic conditions.The root mean squared difference(RMSD)between the forecast and observed anomaly leads us to be modestly optimistic about the prospectsfor using dynamical models to forecast the interannual variability of some meteorological elements.The correlation analysis of the forecast and observation also supports the result given by theRMSD analysis and provides a tool for identify the forecast confidence level in various regions,     

一个海气耦合模式对东亚夏季气候预测潜力的评估

利用一个具有较高分辨率的海气耦合模式SINTEX-F(Scale Interaction Experiment-Frontier Research Center for Global Change coupled GCM)的多年回报结果,评估了该海气耦合模式对东亚区域,尤其是中国地区气候异常的预测潜力.与观测实况的比较结果表明:SINTEX-F模式对夏季降水、500 hPa高度场和地表气温都有一定的预测技巧,但是相比而言降水与高度场的回报技巧要高于地表气温;而且耦合模式对东亚地区气候异常的主要空间分布和年际变化特征也有较好的预测潜力,对500 hPa高度场效果较好;对降水异常的年际变化也有一定的预测潜力,尤其是我国中部地区效果较好,但是模式预测的降水异常的幅值较观测相对偏弱;此外对我国西部的极端气候也有一定的预测潜力.     

500hPa气候异常高度场强度及谱结构的季节变化与半球际差异

用半球气候异常场强度及球函数分析改进方案，分析了北、南半球500hPa气候异常高度场的环流特征，得到如下主要结论：1)半球异常冬强于夏,北半球强于南半球。2)500hPa气候异常位势高度场具有低阶、低维的特征，它们主要由超长波及长波波段(0≤m、k≤6)的球函数构成。3)北半球500hPa气候异常位势高度场集的球函数谱结构较南半球复杂．夏季较冬季复杂。仅用超长波及长波波段的球函数拟合半球500hPa异常位势高度场，就可保证其有足够的精确度。     

Three-year Variations of Water, Energy and CO$_2$ Fluxes of Cropland and Degraded Grassland Surfaces in a Semi-arid Area of Northeastern China

Based on 3 years （2003-05） of the eddy covariance （EC） observations on degraded grassland and cropland surfaces in a semi-arid area of Tongyu （44°25′N, 122°52′E, 184 m a.s.1.）, Northeast China, seasonal and annual variations of water, energy and CO2 fluxes have been investigated. The soil moisture in the thin soil layer （at 0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 m） clearly indicates the pronounced annual wet-dry cycle; the annual cycle is divided into the wet （growing season） and dry seasons （non-growing season）. During the growing season （from May to September）, the sensible and latent heat fluxes showed a linear dependence on the global solar radiation. However, in the non-growing season, the latent heat flux was always less than 50 W m^-2, while the available energy was dissipated as sensible, rather than latent heat flux. During the growing season in 2003-05, the daily average sensible and latent heat fluxes were larger on the cropland surface than on the degraded grassland surface. The cropland ecosystem absorbed more CO2 than the degraded grassland ecosystem in the growing season in 2003-05. The total evapotranspiration on the cropland was more than the total precipitation, while the total evapotranspiration on the degraded grassland was almost the same as the total annual precipitation in the growing season. The soil moisture had a good correlation with the rainfall in the growing season. Precipitation in the growing season is an important factor on the water and carbon budget in the semi-arid area.     

基于高密度电阻率法对季节性冻土的监测研究

通过建立正演冻土模型,验证了将高密度电阻率法应用于冻土监测的可行性。对高密度电阻率法装置进行特殊处理,将其应用于对季节性冻土的监测,并进行了七个月份的连续监测。结果表明:高密度电阻率法在季节性冻土监测中可行;通过对实测数据进行反演处理,得到电阻率反演剖面,可以看出表层土壤在季节变化中有明显的结冻、解冻行为;并可估算出冬季冻土深度范围。     

分形理论用于洪水分期的初步探讨

用分形理论对洪峰散点序列进行了分析,发现洪峰散点序列在一定尺度范围内表现出了自相似性,初步证明洪峰散点序列是一种分形。提出了用分形理论划分洪水分期的方法,并以雅垄江小得石站洪水分期研究为例。结果显示,用分形法划分的洪水分期和传统的经验方法划分的洪水分期基本一致,但和传统方法相比,新方法的优点较为客观。     

冻融作用与土壤理化效应的关系研究

冻融使土壤经历一系列物理、化学和生物变化过程,冻融作用对土壤的影响主要表现为:改变土壤结构、含水量分布和水热运动,影响微生物活性和以微生物为媒介的有机质矿化作用,改变土壤元素的生物地球化学循环过程,从而对土壤生态系统结构和功能产生影响。冻融作用对土壤理化性质的作用主要受冻融速率、温度、冻融交替次数和土壤含水量、pH值、有机质、土壤质地状况等因素的影响。通过冻融作用改善土壤结构,提高土壤微生物活性和养分的有效性,有利于耕作和促进植物生长,但也可通过含水量的重新分布和径流淋失而导致土壤养分损失。     

High-frequency climatic oscillations during the last deglaciation as revealed by oxygen-isotope records of benthic organisms (Ammersee,southern Germany)

High-resolution oxygen-isotope records of benthic ostracods and molluscs from Ammersee, southern Germany, show high-frequency climatic changes during the last deglaciation and parallel in great detail published faunal and floral variations reconstructed from Norwegian Sea sediments and isotope variations in Greenland ice cores. The marine and the terrestrial records give evidence of a synchronous late glacial climatic development in Greenland, NW- and Mid-Europe. However,¹⁴C-ages of the supraregional climatic events and of two tephra layers in the marine sediments of the northeastern Atlantic Ocean are significantly older than the¹⁴C-ages of the corresponding horizons on land. These differences strongly suggest that major short-term events have affected the exchangeable carbon on earth during the dramatic environmental changes related to the deglaciation and in particular have affected the CO₂-distribution within the ocean and between ocean and atmosphere. Dating methods independent of climatic variations and of the global carbon budget should be given priority to refine the timescales of the marine and atmospheric processes during the last deglaciation.This is the fourth paper in a series of papers published in this issue on high-resolution paleolimnology. These papers were presented at the Sixth International Palaeolimnology Symposium held 19–21 April, 1993 at the Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. Dr. A. F. Lotter and Dr. M. Sturm served as guest editors for these papers.     

不同荷载条件下冻土融化沉降过程试验研究

融沉是困扰多年冻土区工程建设与安全运营的关键因素之一.通过室内试验,针对两种初始干密度不同的青藏粉质黏土,在-8～24℃之间正弦波动的周期温度边界条件下,分别开展了无荷载、静荷载及动荷载作用下冻结饱和试样的融沉试验(试样的初始温度为-1℃),研究了试样内部温度、变形、孔隙水压力的时间变化过程.结果表明:温度边界相同时,...