Evaluation of the WEPP model and digital elevation grid size,for simulation of streamflow and sediment yield in a heterogeneous catchment

The paper presents the result of an application of the GeoWEPP model in a heterogeneous semi‐agricultural catchment located in the northern Italian Apennines mountain range. The objectives were: (a) to evaluate the GeoWEPP model in a heterogeneous catchment in a Mediterranean climate and (b) to examine the effect of digital elevation model grid size on hydrological and sediment yield simulations. The catchment is characterized by large heterogeneity in geology, soil type, vegetation cover and topography. In addition, 10% of its area is occupied by calanchi (badlands), characterized by steep, bare soil and accentuated erosion. Experimental streamflow data were compared with those simulated by GeoWEPP for a period of eight years and the results were evaluated by means of statistical indices, with the analysis of the flow duration curve. Simulated sediment yields were compared with experimental data for one year. The streamflow cumulative annual results were satisfactory with NSE oscillating between 0.40 and 0.83 and RMSE between 1.1 and 2.9 mm. Also, the performance of the model with daily streamflow data was positive (NSE = 0.68 and RMSE = 1.9 mm). The flow duration curve indicated that GeoWEPP could represent the experimental streamflow for fluxes over 1 mm d^?1. The model performance for simulation of sediment yield was satisfactory with both digital elevation models of different grid sizes (NSE = 0.84 and 0.87). Indeed, the sensitivity analysis tests of the model showed that there was no statistically significant improvement in the accuracy of the digital elevation model between 10 and 2 m resolution. These results were confirmed for both streamflow as well as sediment yield. Additional sensitivity analysis of other model parameters performed on the entire catchment and badlands hillslopes showed that bedrock hydraulic conductivity primarily affected the model in both settings. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

滇中高原火后更新森林植物和土壤水分含量的时空格局（英文）

Plant moisture content(PMC) is used as an indicator of forest flammability, which is assumed to be affected by climate drought. However, the fire-induced drought stress on PMC and its spatial and temporal variations are unclear. Based on a parallel monitoring experiment from 2014 to 2015, this study compared the PMCs and soil moisture contents(SMC) at five post-fire sites in central Yunnan Plateau, Southwest China. The number of years since last fire(YSF), season, topographic position, plant species and tissue type(leaf and branch) were selected as causal factors of the variations in PMC and SMC. A whole year parallel monitoring and sampling in the post-fire communities of 1, 2, 5, 11 and 30 YSF indicated that drought stress in surface soils was the strongest in spring within the first 5 years after burning, and the SMC was regulated by topography, with 64.6% variation in soil moisture accounted for by YSF(25.7%), slope position(22.1%) and season(10.8%). The temporal variations of PMC and SMC differed at both interannual and seasonal scales, but the patterns were consistent across topographic positions. PMC differed significantly between leaves and branches, and among three growth-forms. The mean PMC was lower in broad-leaved evergreen species and higher in conifer species. Season and soil temperature were the primary determinants of PMC, accounting for 19.1% and 8.3% of variation in PMC, respectively. This indicated phenology-related growth rather than drought stress in soil as the primary driver of seasonal changes in PMC. The significant variations of PMC among growth forms and species revealed that seasonal soil temperature change and dominant species in forest communities are useful indicators of fire risk assessment in this region.     

厄尔尼诺与我国汛期降水

本文详细地讨论了厄尔尼诺与我国汛期大尺度降水的关系。指出,厄尔尼诺东部型,北太平洋海温的三个主要正负距平区的结构具有PNA遥相关型;厄尔尼诺中部型,北太平洋海温的三个主要正负距平区分布在赤道东太平洋到千岛群岛一线上。进而指出,厄尔尼诺东部型峰期过后,我国汛期降水的大尺度特征是长江流域降水偏少,江南和华北地区降水偏多。在厄尔尼诺中部型峰期过后则相反,长江流域降水偏多,江南和华北降水偏少。     

对流凝结加热对华北夏季锋面影响的数值模拟研究

本文利用改进的ＭＭ２模式，用干、湿过程模拟了一次夏季华北锋面结构。干模式仅能模拟出大尺度特征和明显偏弱的锋面环流，而湿模式可模拟出某些重要的中尺度流场特征。表明只要具有合理的模式物理过程，使用大尺度资料，也可以在一定程度上模拟出中尺度系统。对流参数化的试验表明，系统演变和降水预报对湿润因子ｂ和增温廓线很敏感。在此工作基础上，设计了考虑下沉气流的积云参数化方案。初步结果表明，这种方案使降水量预报有改进。     

华南前汛期降水与南极海冰变化的关系

利用１９７３￣１９８９年南极海冰北界资料和１９７２￣１９８１年南半球气旋资料,分析南极海冰变异对华南前汛期降水的影响。结果表明,两者之间存在密切关系,当南极海冰面积趋于增大时,华南前汛期的雨水变趋增加,反之亦然。２￣３月份威尔克斯地方向地海冰北界位置与同年华南前汛期雨量密切相关。而９月份罗斯海方向（１８０°）海冰北界的伸缩对次年华南前汛期降水量有明显指示性。南半球低纬（０￣３０°Ｓ）的气旋活动在南     

1971-2010年雅鲁藏布江中游气候生长期变化特征

利用1971-2010年雅鲁藏布江中游河谷地区拉萨、日喀则、泽当和江孜4个站逐日平均气温和降水量资料,分析了该地区气候生长期变化特征。结果表明:(1)雅鲁藏布江中游地区各界限温度气候生长期以5~8 d·(10a)-1的速率增加,其中≥0℃和≥10℃界限温度的气候生长期都增加了30天左右,≥5℃气候生长期增加了20天左右;以稳定通过10℃界限温度来判断,该地区冬半年时间在缩短,夏半年时间在延长。(2)该地区稳定通过各界限温度的初日提前、终日推后,持续天数和活动积温增加趋势显著;≥10℃界限温度的降水量和降水日数增加趋势显著,分别以19 mm·(10a)-1和1.5 d·(10a)-1的速率增加,且在20世纪80年代末发生突变,表明该地区稳定通过10℃界限温度的水热条件显著地向暖湿变化。(3)各界限温度的终日年际变化相对较稳定,其他要素年际变化均处于不稳定状态;年代际变化上,≥10℃界限温度的初日、终日、持续天数以及各界限温度的活动积温保持台阶式变化,其他要素呈波动变化,最小值出现在20世纪80年代。(4)≥10℃界限温度的终日、持续天数和活动积温的变化趋势在20世纪90年代后期出现突变现象,表明≥10℃界限温度的终日显著推后趋势对夏半年的延长贡献最大。     

近50年上海地区日照时数的变化特征及影响因素

基于上海地区11个气象站1960—2009年的日照时数、云量、水汽压、降水资料,采用线性趋势分析、Mann-Kendall检验等气候统计诊断方法,分析了上海地区日照时数年际、季节的变化特征以及空间分布特征,并对影响日照时数的气候因子进行了分析。结果表明,1960—2009年期间,上海地区日照时数呈显著减少的趋势,其中夏季、秋季和冬季的日照时数显著减少,春季日照时数变化不显著。1980年是上海日照时数减少突变的时间点,是日照时数由正距平占优势转为负距平占优势的转折点。空间上,整个上海日照时数在过去50年均呈减少趋势,并且由北向南减少趋势逐渐减弱。上海年日照时数与降水量和降水日数呈显著负相关,年日照时数的减少与年降水量的增加有关。上海各季日照时数与云量、水汽压和降水基本都呈显著的负相关,夏季日照时数减少主要是由降水量的增加造成的,冬季日照时数的减少与水汽压和降水量的增加有关。     

濮阳市汛期特旱、特涝异常年趋势预测方法

通过计算旱涝指数，科学、客观地定出大早大涝年。通过对太阳活动、ENS0现象、大气环流与濮阳汛期早涝的相关分析，筛选出相关因子，建立了汛期特旱、特涝异常年及排除特旱、特涝年后的一般降水趋势3重预报方程。方程对特旱年的预报概括率100％，对特涝年的概括率86％，一般降水趋势预报准确率88％。     

青藏高原热力状况与四川盆地汛期降水的联系

应用高原积雪日数和高原气温、四川盆地逐月降水量资料,应用ＳＶＤ等方法,探讨高原热力状况分布异常与四川盆地汛期降水分布的联系。分析结果表明,高原积雪日数场分布特征是以巴颜喀拉山和念青唐古拉山为中心。该区域冬季积雪日数异常与川中盆地汛期干旱有相当好的联系。春季青藏高原北部和祁连山的温度场的大范围异常则与川西的洪涝和川东的干旱均有较好的相关,均可作为四川降水长期预报综合考虑的重要参考因子。一般而言,积雪     

四川盆地边缘山地强降水与海拔的关系

利用四川盆地1666个站点2011—2015年4—10月的逐小时降水资料及高精度格点海拔高度资料,对降水特征与海拔高度的变化关系进行详细分析,研究发现:(1)汛期总降水量、总雨日、小雨日、中雨日随海拔高度升高而增加,但降水量与雨日随海拔的增长方式并不相同,降水量显著增长区主要集中在200～1200 m,当海拔超过1200 m时降水量迅速减少;大雨日及暴雨日在海拔超过1200 m后也迅速减少。(2)盆地西北部、西南部沿山一带的暴雨日主要由强小时雨强贡献,而盆地东北部的暴雨日主要受持续性降水影响。(3)四川盆地复杂地形对降水的日变化有较为显著的影响,小时雨量及短时强降水频次峰值出现时间均随着海拔高度升高而提前,而短时强降水首次出现时间则随海拔高度升高而推迟。