内蒙古西部乌达矿区煤层自燃的控制因素

煤层自燃是一个复杂的物理、化学和环境作用过程,是多种内在原因和外在条件综合作用的结果.本文分析了内蒙古乌达矿区煤层自然发火的内在原因和外在条件,揭示了煤层自燃的各种控制因素.影响煤层自燃的内在原因包括煤层厚度、变质程度、灰分含量、发热量、硫含量和有机显微组分含量等;外在条件包括地质构造、气候、水文地质、地形地貌、煤层的赋存状况、大矿和小煤窑的开采情况等.最后探讨了对不同成因的煤层自燃采取不同的预防和治理方法,为今后煤火的研究和治理奠定了理论基础.     

Classification of coal seams with respect to their spontaneous heating susceptibility—a neural network approach

The paper presents the application of adaptive resonance theory of artificial neural networks (ANN) for classification of coal seams with respect to their proneness to spontaneous heating. In order to apply this technique, 31 coal samples have been collected from different Indian coalfields covering both fiery and non-fiery coal seams of varying ranks spreading over 8 different mining companies. The intrinsic properties of these samples have been determined by carrying out proximate, ultimate and petrographic analyses. The susceptibility indices of these samples have been studied by five different methods, viz. crossing point temperature, differential thermal analysis, critical air blast analysis, wet oxidation potential difference analysis and differential scanning calorimetric studies. Exhaustive correlation studies between susceptibility indices and the intrinsic properties have been carried out for identifying the appropriate spontaneous heating susceptibility indices and intrinsic properties to be used for classification of coal seams. The identified parameters are used as inputs and adaptive resonance theory of ANN has been applied to classify the coal seams into four different categories. This classification system will help the planners and practising mining engineers to take ameliorative measures in advance to prevent the occurrence of fire in mines.     

Late Cretaceous to Miocene and Quaternary deformation history of the Chalk: Channels,slumps, faults,folds and glacitectonics

Late Cretaceous Chalk sedimentation history across the British Isles included (i) fault controlled uplift and subsidence in Northern Ireland and the Inner Hebrides and (ii) uplift along the lines of en echelon folds in Southern Britain and northern France. Synsedimentary slump folds and downslope displacement structures are compared with penecontemporaneous interbed slides and later tectonic folds and faults. Compressional strike-slip tectonic processes at Flamborough Head, Yorkshire, illustrate intra-Chalk slump beds in a half-graben setting. Progressive ‘growth’ of structures characterises early downslope slump folding, interbed sliding and some listric faulting. Sheet-flints replacing slide shear planes and early fractures provide evidence for early movements. Availability of open-slopes or the depth of burial under which the range of structures developed is reflected in the degree of disruption and fragmentation of chalk and flint. Fragmentation provides clues to the timing of events and origin of the Late Campanian Altachuile Breccia (Northern Ireland) and the Coniacian Hope Gap slides (Sussex). Fragmentation and formation of sheet flints together help distinguish intra-Chalk tectonics from Quaternary glacitectonic structures.The role of marl seams, high porosity chalk beds and hardgrounds on bed-sliding, décollement zones and disruption of chalk blocks from bedrock in glacitectonics is discussed. Chalk formations with marl seams develop a special style of fracturing related to early interbed sliding and pore-fluid escape structures. Marl-seams are shown to be primary sedimentary features and not the products of post depositional pressure-solution. More than any other formation the Late Santonian – Early Campanian Newhaven Chalk contains extensive sheet-flints and shows great lateral variation in thickness and lithology across the fold belts of southern England and northern France.     

煤层脉动水力压裂动静态响应数值模型及求解

煤层脉动水力压裂是一项大范围提高煤层渗透率的新技术,但针对脉动应力波在实际地层的传播、扰动规律研究较少。采用交错网格数高阶有限差分法,结合完全匹配层和准静态围压加载两种边界条件,建立了含围压无限大弹性地层脉动水力压裂动静态响应数值模型,并研究了不同加载方式、频率、振幅、围压条件下煤层最小主应力峰值分布规律。研究表明：由于应力波传播及干涉效应,相同围压、振幅条件下脉动压裂增透扰动区域远大于准静态压裂;煤层增透面积随震源频率和振幅的增加而增大,振幅需要克服由围压控制的启动压力才能产生增透区;增透面积与地层主应力成反相关且最小主应力起主导作用,其由3.5 MPa下降至2.0 MPa时,增透面积最高可提升600%。模型可模拟准静态和脉动加载下煤层的力学响应,其结果可为优化脉动水力压裂工艺参数提供指导。     

煤储层中裂隙充填物的特征及其研究意义

煤储层中裂隙充填物主要是围岩裂隙中的水溶液与煤中有机显微组分热解产生的以气相为主的流体相互作用的产物,它们相互作用带的位置对煤层气藏封闭保存条件的影响至关重要。若无机充填物仅发育于封闭围岩之中,则其相应的煤层气藏的封闭条件好,含气饱和度高;反之,若在煤储层的裂隙中发育大量无机充填物,则煤层气藏的封闭条件差,含气饱和度低。此外,充填物还堵塞了煤储层中裂隙的通道,使渗透率降低。      

铁法矿区煤层冲刷带研究

论述了铁法矿区冲刷带发育的地质背景;指出比较常见和对煤层破坏程度较严重的冲刷带成因类型是同沉积河道冲刷带、沉积后河道冲刷带和继承性河道冲刷带,并阐明了它们的识别特征。在对铁法矿区煤系沉积相分析的基础上,利用煤层顶板砂体等厚图对大隆井田4#煤层中的冲刷带进行了预测;揭示了铁法矿区煤层冲刷带的总体分布规律。      

Coal seam development characteristics and distribution predictions in marginal sea basins: Oligocene Yacheng Formation coal measures,Qiongdongnan Basin,northern region of the South China Sea

Abstract

Coal measures located in marginal sea basins are important hydrocarbon source rocks. For the purpose of effectively guiding future oil and gas exploration, the characteristics and distribution patterns of coal seams in coal measures of a marginal sea basin are systematically outlined. Coal measures in marginal sea basins can have large thicknesses, but the individual coal seams can be very thin and lack lateral continuity. In the study area, the organic micro-components of the coal are dominated by vitrinite, with very low amounts of inertinite and liptinite. The amount of inorganic microscopic components is large, but with limited drilling results, few cores and thin coal seams, which are easily overlooked during logging activities, a comprehensive analysis of the logging data may improve efficiency in coal-seam identification and thickness determination. The development and distribution of coal seams in marginal sea basins are controlled by various factors, including (1) paleoclimatic and paleobotanic conditions, which could fundamentally limit coal formation, (2) coal-forming sedimentary environmental conditions that may limit the scope of coal-seam development from a macroscopic perspective, and (3) paleotectonic and paleotopographic conditions that define the coal-forming structures. Therefore, the descending and rising cycles of base-levels, along with changes in the growth rates of the accommodation spaces, can be used to determine the horizons that are potentially favourable for coal formation and can also indicate the migration trends of coal-forming environments on the structural plane. Seismic wave impedance inversion methods could be utilised for semi-quantitative assistance for prediction of coal seams. In summary, for models of coal-seam development in marginal sea basins, the grades should be divided according to reliability, and the different reliability levels should be predicted separately.

1. The characteristics of coal seams developed in marginal sea basins are described.

2. The macerals of coals developed in marginal sea basins have been ascertained.

3. A development model and distribution prediction method for coal seams are assessed according to the control factors.

4. A model for the prediction of coal-seam distribution is presented.

     

基于融合算法的无人机影像拼接缝消除研究

无人机影像在获取和拼接过程中,会有多种因素造成拼接缝。本文对影像拼接缝的特征进行了研究,并利用对应像素直接平均法和加权平均法对实验选取的拼接缝进行了处理比较,结果显示,基于直接平均法融合结果的两条拼接线虽然有所弱化,但肉眼仍然可见;使用加权平均法融合结果较好,但二者均存在重叠区域模糊的现象。     

煤层裂隙系统及其对煤层气产出的影响

对中国煤层的裂隙系统进行了系统分类;阐述了各类裂隙的主要成因并综合分析了煤层裂隙系统对储层渗透性和煤层气产出的影响。     

蒲白矿区无线电波坑透仪的应用

无线电波抗透视仪在薄白矿区３个矿５个工作面的应用结果表明，无线电波透视法对煤中小断层具有较好的可解释性，断层落差、断面倾角、断层形态以及断层带宽度与电磁波能量的衰减有密切的关系。