莺歌海—琼东南盆地超压层系油气聚散机理浅析

文中讨论了超压层系天然气成藏的特殊性、超压圈闭油气聚散机理和油气成藏的超压强度上限。根据压力、应力状态和含油气性,将超压圈闭划分为充满型、部分充注型、未聚集型或油气散失型。通过钻孔证实,莺歌海、琼东南盆地的天然气聚散过程和含气性均与超压密切相关,其中DF13-1气田为充满型超压气藏,而YA21-1构造的储层水相压力已达到盖层破裂压力,盖层发生了周期性破裂并引起了明显的地球化学异常,属于未聚集或天然气散失型。超压圈闭天然气的聚散受最小水平应力、水相超压强度和盖层岩石力学性质等因素的控制。由于封闭性断层的开启压力低于地层的破裂压力,断层和底辟控制的砂体中天然气更易于散失。砂岩上倾尖灭点(岩性圈闭的顶点)的埋深对储层的压力状态和含气性具有重要控制作用。有效的压力、应力预测和盖层岩石力学性质研究是降低深层超压层系天然气勘探风险的重要途径之一。     

泥岩盖层抑制浓度封闭形成与演化及其研究意义

在泥岩盖层抑制浓度封闭机制及其形成条件分析的基础上,通过异常孔隙流体压力的形成与演化对于泥岩盖层抑制浓度封闭形成与演化规律进行研究,根据异常孔隙流体压力形成与演化建立了一套泥岩盖层抑制浓度封闭形成与演化特征的恢复和预测方法。该方法不仅可以恢复泥岩盖层抑制浓度封闭的形成时期,还可以预测泥岩盖层抑制浓度封闭能力的演化过程,同时还可以确定目前泥岩盖层抑制浓度封闭的演化阶段和预测其今后的变化,将该方法应用于松辽盆地古龙凹陷古11井青山口组和嫩一、二段泥岩盖层抑制浓度封闭的形成与演化的恢复和预测中,恢复和预测的结果复合实际地质条件,表明该方法用于泥岩盖层抑制浓度封闭形成与演化是可行的。     

徐家围子断陷不同储量丰度气藏形成条件的定量研究

为了定量研究徐家围子断陷不同储量丰度气藏形成条件,利用气藏解剖和成藏条件时空匹配关系对该断陷气藏形成的主控因素、形成条件和储量丰度进行了研究,得到源岩供气能力、断裂输导天然气能力和封盖保存能力是气藏形成的3个主控因素。沙河子组源岩供气能力以较好和差为主,断裂输导天然气能力以好为主,封盖保存能力也以好为主。气藏形成条件综合评价以中等气藏为最多,其次是形成条件为好的气藏,差形成条件的气藏最少。气藏以中等储量丰度为主,高和低储量丰度气藏较少;二者之间为正比关系。要形成高储量丰度的气藏,气藏形成条件综合评价应为好等级;要形成中等储量丰度的气藏,气藏形成条件综合评价应为中等等级。     

Contaminants still high in top-level carnivores in the Southern California Bight: levels of DDT and PCBs in resident and transient pinnipeds

Highly industrialized areas, such as the Southern California Bight, often have high levels of contaminants in marine sediments, which can cause chronic exposure to organisms long after their use has ceased. tDDT and tPCB were analyzed in the blubber of 145 stranded pinnipeds that died at local marine mammal centers between 1994 and 2006. Resident species (California sea lion and Pacific harbor seal) had significantly higher concentrations of tDDT and tPCB than the transient species (northern elephant seal). Adult female California sea lions had significantly lower concentrations of tDDT and tPCB than pups, yearlings, and adult males. Concentrations of both tDDT and tPCB in California sea lions significantly declined over time, but did not change in northern elephant seals. Current concentrations of tDDT and tPCB in California sea lions and harbor seals are among the highest values reported worldwide for marine mammals and exceed those reported to cause adverse health effects.     

齿形滑环组合密封的摩擦力矩计算

利用ABAQUS有限元软件对齿形滑环组合密封件进行建模仿真,采用网格重划技术保证仿真结果收敛,得到不同介质压力下的动密封接触面的压力分布曲线,并且进行二次多项式拟合计算得到齿形滑环组合密封的摩擦力矩理论计算值。通过搭建动密封测试平台,实际测试不同介质压力下齿形滑环组合密封的密封效果,并且得到摩擦力矩的实验值,结果摩擦力矩理论值和实验值基本吻合。结果表明:齿形滑环组合密封效果良好,摩擦力矩的理论计算基本正确,该密封的摩擦力矩与介质压力之间基本呈线性关系。     

赤湾验潮站搬迁前后潮位变化特征及其订正

赤湾海洋站是国家海洋局在深圳西部海域唯一的潮汐观测站点,至今已观测30多年。由于地理位置特殊,2008年起该站被选为《中国海平面公报》反映珠江口海平面变化的代表站。2012年10月该站搬至新验潮站,受此影响,其潮位观测序列产生了差异性和不连续性。本文通过计算机编程实现了对海洋站水文气象数据的质量控制。同时,采用赤湾站与邻近验潮站进行对比的方法得出新旧站的潮位差值,初步探讨了搬站前后潮位观测结果的订正方案,并研究其建站以来的历史海平面变化特征。这对确保该站潮位资料的准确性及代表性具有重要意义,同时也为珠江口海域防灾减灾、涉海工程、风暴潮预报等提供了数据支撑。     

直流无刷电机驱动的水下电缆绞车系统

水下电缆绞车多采用液压驱动,但液压驱动存在无效动力转换,能源使用率不高,因此直流无刷电机驱动的水下电缆绞车具有实际意义。采用直流无刷电机驱动,不仅提高了水下电缆绞车系统的能源利用率,而且改善了系统的调速性能。与直流有刷电机相比,直流无刷电机可实现充油均压密封,更有利于在水下工作。介绍了直流无刷电机驱动水下电缆绞车的组成、功能及工作原理,针对研制的专用水下直流无刷电机,重点论述了其充油密封原理和工艺,并设计了一种全新的低成本高性能驱动控制电路。该水下电缆绞车系统已初步调试完毕,试验表明各项性能良好,即将投入实际应用。它具有结构简单,工作可靠,成本低的优点,因此在实际工程应用中具有推广意义。     

基于粗糙集理论的船舶"三漏"故障诊断

故障诊断是与有效决策密切相关的复杂问题。粗糙集理论可以有效地分析、处理不完备信息。应用粗糙集理论挖掘工具,对故障信息系统“约简”,在故障诊断系统中提取最小诊断条件集,可为设备维护人员提供快捷、有效的诊断依据。对“三漏”问题中机械装配不当故障诊断作了实例分析。     

超压泥岩盖层封闭性演化规律及其研究意义

为了研究超压泥岩盖层封闭性演化规律,在超压形成与演化分析的基础上,通过超压演化规律的定量研究,对超压泥岩盖层封闭性演化规律进行了定量研究,结果表明超压泥岩盖层封闭性演化是按阶段进行的,每一次超压释放表明上一次封闭性演化阶段的结束,下一次封闭性演化阶段的开始,每一次演化过程中封闭性逐渐增强,在超压释放期封闭性降至最低点。研究超压泥岩盖层封闭性演化规律不仅可以准确评价目前封闭能力和预测封闭能力演化,而且还可以研究封闭油气的有效性。实例应用结果表明,古龙凹陷嫩一、二段超压泥岩盖层目前已刚刚结束第3阶段演化,开始第4阶段演化,具6.0 MPa的超压。随着演化进行,超压值将继续增大,封闭性继续增强。嫩一、二段超压盖层封闭性演化史与青山口组源岩生烃史匹配关系较好,可封闭住青山口组源岩生成的大量油气,有利于青山口组源岩生成的油气在萨、葡、高油层中聚集和保存。     

Calibrating fault seal using a hydrocarbon migration model of the Oseberg Syd area,Viking Graben

It is widely acknowledged that fault rock capillary properties are important in controlling the distribution of hydrocarbons in sedimentary basins, and methods exist for predicting the capillary seal capacity of prospect bounding faults. However, fault seal capacity is rarely incorporated into models of hydrocarbon migration. This paper presents the results of migration modelling of the Oseberg Syd area of the Viking Graben incorporating fault rock capillary properties. Seal capacity is calculated in the model as a function of Shale Gouge Ratio (SGR), i.e. the percentage shale in the sequence moved past a point on a fault. Over 3000 model realisations were run for different SGR to fault seal capacity relationships and the calculated hydrocarbon distributions were compared with known distributions. Realisations were ranked according to the closeness of fit between model and actual oil–water contacts for 7 traps. The best-fit to all 7 traps was provided by realisations with significant seal capacity at SGR values greater than ca. 0.2; a value which is in agreement with an independently derived fault-by-fault calibration between SGR and seal capacity. The level of fill calculated for an individual trap is extremely sensitive to minor changes in the seal capacity relationship because it is controlled not only by the seal capacities of the faults that bound the trap, but also by the pattern of fill–spill of upstream traps. This sensitivity to minor changes in seal capacity introduces large uncertainties when fault seal capacity relationships are used in a predictive mode and emphasises the requirement for migration modelling in fault seal prospect evaluation.