Addressing multiple goals of ecosystem approach through deliberation and technology development

This paper studies two participatory processes to manage the interactions between seals and coastal fishing in Finland. One was a deliberative multi-stakeholder process, in which the stakeholders in a region approached the problem solving by joint problem definition. The other process was a technology development project to reduce the damage by seals and seal by-catch. This paper discusses the contribution of the processes to maintain economic viability of the coastal fishery without jeopardising the conservation of seals. It concludes that both processes address important aspects of maintaining a dynamic stability in a socio-ecological system of coastal fishing, but a combination of the approaches would better allow dealing with the problem's political aspects and fishing practices that are intertwined in various ways.     

东濮凹陷断层封堵模式探讨

以构造地质学和石油地质学基础理论为指导,通过对东濮凹陷中大量的复杂断块油气田的油藏解剖分析,建立了岩性配置封堵、时间配置封堵、主应力封堵、泥岩塑性流动和涂抹封堵、排替压差封堵等五种主要的断层对油气的封堵模式。对提高断层油气勘探开发成功率有一定作用。     

南极无冰区生态与环境变化在粪土层中的记录

极地海鸟、海兽等生物排泄物的堆积层和含粪的沉积层是进行极地生态地质学研究的良好载体。从生物粪土沉积层中恢复出的企鹅、海豹数量变化记录表明,历史时期南极企鹅、海豹种群数量出现过显著的波动。在新冰期时企鹅数量锐减,气候过冷或过暖都不利于它们的生存,南极海豹数量变化也受到气候变化、海冰条件和取食行为的控制。另外,南极海豹毛和生物粪土层中还保存了过去几千年人类文明的历史信息,汞（Hg）含量的波动与人类冶金文明的盛衰存在明显的响应关系。     

断层应力封闭性的FLAC模拟研究

断层带及其旁侧应力性质是决定断层封闭性的重要因素, 采用FLAC-2D有限差分计算机程序, 模拟了断层带应力分布及其随深度变化。在梯形水平应力和垂直载荷条件下, 断层封闭性具有垂向分段特征: 浅部断层带处于应力松弛或张应力状态, 断层带相对开启, 对地质流体不具封闭作用; 深部断层带处于压应力集中状态, 断层具有良好的封闭性; 二者之间为过渡段。断层带应力封闭性模式得到声波时差资料的印证。      

直浸式直流无刷电机在深海液压源中应用研究

通过对深海环境下直流电机一些特殊要求的分析,阐述了直浸式直流无刷电机的基本构成。利用电机内部充油平衡海水压力的自动补偿技术解决了其在深水中工作所遇到的高压、密封和工作水深等困难,增强了电机在深海环境下的适用性。同时提出一种简单可靠的深海电机密封结构。经过试验验证了理论设计的合理性。     

The physics of gas chimney and pockmark formation,with implications for assessment of seafloor hazards and gas sequestration

Pockmarks form where fluids discharge through seafloor sediments rapidly enough to make them quick, and are common where gas is present in near-seafloor sediments. This paper investigates how gas might lead to pockmark formation. The process is envisioned as follows: a capillary seal traps gas beneath a fine-grained sediment layer or layers, perhaps layers whose pores have been reduced in size by hydrate crystallization. Gas accumulates until its pressure is sufficient for gas to invade the seal. The seal then fails completely (a unique aspect of capillary seals), releasing a large fraction of the accumulated gas into an upward-propagating gas chimney, which displaces water like a piston as it rises. Near the seafloor the water flow causes the sediments to become “quick” (i.e., liquefied) in the sense that grain-to-grain contact is lost and the grains are suspended dynamically by the upward flow. The quickened sediment is removed by ocean-bottom currents, and a pockmark is formed. Equations that approximately describe this gas–piston–water-drive show that deformation of the sediments above the chimney and water flow fast enough to quicken the sediments begins when the gas chimney reaches half way from the base of its source gas pocket to the seafloor. For uniform near-surface sediment permeability, this is a buoyancy control, not a permeability control. The rate the gas chimney grows depends on sediment permeability and the ratio of the depth below seafloor of the top of the gas pocket to the thickness of the gas pocket at the time of seal failure. Plausible estimates of these parameters suggest gas chimneys at Blake Ridge could reach the seafloor in less than a decade or more than a century, depending mainly on the permeability of the deforming near-surface sediments. Since these become quick before gas is expelled, gas venting will not provide a useful warning of the seafloor instabilities that are related to pockmark formation. However, detecting gas chimney growth might be a useful risk predictor. Any area underlain by a gas chimney that extends half way or more to the surface should be avoided.     

南极典型海洋动物粪氨气挥发过程的实验模拟研究

南极海洋动物粪氨(NH3)的挥发与沉降过程是无冰区苔原生态系统氮素重要来源,对维持苔原生态系统的稳定起着重要作用;但目前对于南极典型海洋动物粪氨的挥发过程仍然很少有研究报道。本文通过室内模拟,研究了低温(4℃左右)与冻融条件下南极帝企鹅粪、阿德利企鹅粪和海豹粪土氨气产生与排放过程及其影响因素,结果表明:帝企鹅粪氨气排放通量最大,变化范围为0.765-17.4mg·kg-1·h-1,平均通量约为6.26mg·kg-1·h-1;阿德利企鹅粪氨气排放通量变化范围为0.652-3.707mg·kg-1·h-1,平均通量约为1.27mg·kg-1·h-1;而海豹粪土氨气排放通量很小,平均通量约0.141mg·kg-1·h-1。冻融过程对帝企鹅粪氨气排放通量影响很大,而对阿德利企鹅粪影响较小。另外,帝企鹅粪和阿德利企鹅粪氨气排放量在通气条件下明显大于封闭条件,表明南极野外大风条件下可能加速海洋动物粪氨的挥发过程。本文模拟的结果对于进一步研究南极生物圈氨的挥发过程及其对南极苔原生态系统氮循环的影响具有重要意义。     

张扭性断裂带的生长过程与油气穿断运移评价--以珠江口盆地恩平凹陷为例

张扭性断裂带是珠江口盆地普遍发育的断裂类型,是沟通深部烃源岩与中浅部储层的关键,是油气运移、聚集分析的核心环节。以恩平凹陷E18雁列式断裂带为例,基于三维地震、测井和钻井地质数据,采用T-x图、T-z图及活动速率图方法,恢复E18断裂带的生长过程及分段特征,并依据岩性对接、泥岩涂抹、断层岩发育特征,评价油气穿断裂侧向运移的条件。结果表明,E18断裂带在裂陷期是单一断裂,裂后期表现为雁列形态,活动过程包含4个阶段,活动中心由西部转移至中部,大规模生排烃时期最大活动速率可达20m/Ma,形成2个良好的垂向疏导中心,分段特征明显;油气容易穿透E18断裂带珠海组和韩江组下段2套地层发生侧向运移,并且连接部位是最有利于油气穿断运移的部位。E18断裂带生长过程和油气穿断侧向运移的评价有助于认识E18a油田和E18f油田的成藏过程。     

Deeply buried ancient volcanoes control hydrocarbon migration in the South China Sea

Seismic reflection data image now-buried and inactive volcanoes, both onshore and along the submarine portions of continental margins. However, the impact that these volcanoes have on later, post-eruption fluid flow events (e.g., hydrocarbon migration and accumulation) is poorly understood. Determining how buried volcanoes and their underlying plumbing systems influence subsurface fluid or gas flow, or form traps for hydrocarbon accumulations, is critical to de-risk hydrocarbon exploration and production. Here, we focus on evaluating how buried volcanoes affect the bulk permeability of hydrocarbon seals, and channel and focus hydrocarbons. We use high-resolution 3D seismic reflection and borehole data from the northern South China Sea to show how ca. <10 km wide, ca. <590 m high Miocene volcanoes, buried several kilometres (ca. 1.9 km) below the seabed and fed by a sub-volcanic plumbing system that exploited rift-related faults: (i) acted as long-lived migration pathways, and perhaps reservoirs, for hydrocarbons generated from even more deeply buried (ca. 8–10 km) source rocks; and (ii) instigated differential compaction and doming of the overburden during subsequent burial, producing extensional faults that breached regional seal rocks. Considering that volcanism and related deformation are both common on many magma-rich passive margins, the interplay between the magmatic products and hydrocarbon migration documented here may be more common than currently thought. Our results demonstrate that now-buried and inactive volcanoes can locally degrade hydrocarbon reservoir seals and control the migration of hydrocarbon-rich fluids and gas. These fluids and gases can migrate into and be stored in shallower reservoirs, where they may then represent geohazards to drilling and impact slope stability.