迭代法井间地震衍射层析成像

从各向同性非均匀介质中弹性波波动方程出发，导出了在弱不均匀条件下，频率－波数域衍射场方程，给出了格林函数解析解。在电磁波地球物理层析成像数据合成的基础上，用类“体电流法（ＶＣＭ）”，将解析解线性化，得到未作Ｂｏｒｎ近似或Ｒｙｔｏｖ近似的衍射场数值解，便于计算合成数据。采用迭代法进行反演，每步迭代中，采用等比Ｎｅｕｍａｎｎ级数解；反问题用ＳＶＤ法求解，探讨了阻尼因子的取法。数值模型试验表明，这种算法是有效和成功的，成像的分辨率较高，对介质的均匀性要求有所降低，为实际应用创造了进一步条件。     

用于生成DTM的改进的最小二乘匹配(LSM)算法

本文提供了一种用于生成DTM的LSM算法的数学模型。其特点是,引入了辐射线条件和共面条件的几何约束,以及辐射偏差和几何变形参数的虚拟观测方程。试验表明.改善了LSM算法的收敛性、稳定性和可靠性,因而提高了图像配准的质量。     

PC－1500机配合坐标仪的地形数据采集程序

本文描述ＰＣ－１５００计算机与ＨＣＺ－１立体坐标量测仪相配合的地形点数据采集程序，并对该程序的结构、有关的数据模型以及使用等作了说明。     

Effect of relative humidity on the angular distribution of scattered light intensity for rural and urban aerosols

The change in atmospheric relative humidity affects the physical and optical properties of aerosol particles. It would be interesting to study the effect of an increase in relative humidity on the angular scattering of light by aerosols (by incorporating the changes due to it as the complex refractive index and the parameters of the size distribution function). In the present paper we have computed the angular scattering function for rural and urban aerosols, for light of wavelength 0.55 μn. The results obtained for these two models, representative of different environments, are interesting and show some discriminating features.     

Pastoralists’ perceptions and realities of vegetation change and browse consumption in the northern Kalahari, Namibia

Pastoral production around artificial watering points in semi-arid environments affects the density and composition of plant communities. In the Kalahari desert of southwestern Africa, bush encroachment is often regarded as the major form of land degradation resulting from pastoral production around watering points. We investigated the OvaHerero pastoralists’ perceptions of the extent of vegetation change since the establishment of artificial watering points in the northern Kalahari desert of Namibia, and related this to ecological data on vegetation change. We determined the utility of woody vegetation to pastoralists’ livelihoods in terms of provision of construction material, fuel wood and browse. We quantified local knowledge of cattle browse consumption and correlated this with field data. We also assessed the purposes for which major livestock types were used. Our results showed that: (1) pastoral knowledge of bush encroachment and browse consumption was consistent with concurrently collected field data, (2) the current level of bush encroachment was perceived to be beneficial for pastoral production, and (3) cattle played an important role in the production of milk and milk by-products for domestic use, and served as a source of cash income, while sheep and goats were primarily kept for meat consumption. This result contrasts with historical studies that mainly portray cattle as a symbol of social status among OvaHerero pastoralists.     

The effect of single vegetation elements on wind speed and sediment transport in the Sahelian zone of Burkina Faso

Soil loss caused by wind erosion is a widespread phenomenon in the Sahelian zone of West Africa. According to Sahelian farmers, scattered vegetation standing in amongst the crop has the potential for a wind erosion control strategy. This study was conducted to study the effect of single vegetation elements on the pattern of average wind speed and sediment transport. This was done by two experiments that were carried out during the rainy seasons of 2002 and 2003 in north Burkina Faso, West Africa. Wind speeds were measured using three sonic anemometers, at a sampling frequency of 16 Hz. Sediment transport was determined by calculating the mass fluxes from 17 MWAC catchers. In this study, a shrub was defined as a vegetation element with branches until ground and a tree as a vegetation element with a distinctive trunk below a canopy. Behind shrubs wind speed near the soil surface was reduced up to approximately seven times the height of the shrub. The observed reduction in wind speed in the area where wind speed was reduced was 15 per cent on average. At the sides of the shrub, wind speed was increased, by on average 6 per cent. As the area of increase in wind speed is one‐third of the area of decrease in wind speed, the net effect of a shrub is a reduction in wind speed. A similar pattern was visible for the pattern of sediment transport around a shrub. Downwind of a shrub, sediment transport was diminished up to seven times the height of the shrub. Probably most of this material was trapped by the shrub. Trees showed a local increase of wind around the trunk, which is expected to relate to an increase in sediment transport around the trunk. Mass flux measurements of sediment transport were not made, but visual observations in the field substantiate this. Behind the canopy of a tree, a tree acts similarly to a shrub regarding its effects on average wind speed, but as a tree is generally a larger obstacle than a shrub the extent of this effect is larger than for shrubs. Thus, whereas shrubs are more effective than trees regarding their direct effect on soil loss by trapping sand particles near the soil surface, trees are more effective in affecting soil loss indirectly by reducing the wind speed downwind more effectively than shrubs. Therefore, to reduce soil loss in an area, the presence of both trees and shrubs is crucial. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于等高线数据的地性线追踪技术研究

通过研究特征点的提取技术和建立系统的特征点匹配的数学模型，研究了基于矢量等高线数据的地性线的自动追踪技术，利用所述方法，提取的特征点完整，准确；理论和实验表明，所建立的数学模型简捷，实用，有可靠的数学理论基础，且地性线追踪效果良好。     

视觉测量中相机外参数近似值的快速求解

提出了利用3个不共线的控制点对相机外参数近似值进行快速求解的一种方法.利用3个控制点与其像坐标间的几何关系求得3个控制点在摄站坐标系下的坐标;由控制点的已知控制坐标与求得的摄站坐标系下的坐标,进一步求得两坐标系的转换参数的初值;通过解析法或光束法对相机外参数用初值进行精确标定.并通过一组模拟数据验证了该方法的正确性.