河南省禹州市地质灾害与防治预案

禹州市是河南省地质灾害大市。通过对该市地质灾害的表现形式、形成条件、诱发因素及其危险性的初步评估,提出了地质灾害的防治建议和预案,制定了近、中、远三期具体治理规划和达到的目标,并举出实例来说明建立预警系统和制定防治预案的可行性。     

吉林省油页岩勘探中聚合物钻井液防塌机理的试验研究与应用

在试验研究的基础上对比了无机聚合物硅酸盐和有机聚合物聚乙烯醇(PVA)、部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(PHPA)和非水解聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)的防塌能力;由试验得出吸附成膜的速度和保护膜的致密程度是决定钻井液体系防塌能力的关键因素;钻井液体系的防塌能力是无机聚合物和有机聚合物协同作用的结果;部分水解聚丙烯酰胺钻井液体系的防塌能力较非水解聚丙烯酰胺钻井液体系的防塌能力强。研制的无固相聚合物钻井液在吉林农安、伊通、舒兰和梅河口4个矿区近3 000 m的钻探施工中,孔壁稳定,孔内事故少,岩芯采取率达98%以上。     

宝鸡市地质灾害现状分析及防治对策

宝鸡市地质环境复杂,加之近年来人类不合理工程、经济活动的加剧,地质灾害时有发生,已成为陕西省地质灾害多发、高发区之一。目前全市有各类地质灾害点784处,已引起当地政府和社会各界的普遍关注。笔者详细分析了宝鸡市地质灾害现状、地质灾害分布规律、地质灾害形成条件与影响因素以及目前地质灾害防治中存在的各类问题,并在此基础上,对宝鸡市今后地质灾害的防治工作提出了几点建议,为宝鸡市地质灾害的正确防治具有一定的指导意义。     

Can Damage Mechanics Explain Temporal Scaling Laws in Brittle Fracture and Seismicity?

Time delays associated with processes leading to a failure or stress relaxation in materials and earthquakes are studied in terms of continuum damage mechanics. Damage mechanics is a quasi-empirical approach that describes inelastic irreversible phenomena in the deformation of solids. When a rock sample is loaded, there is generally a time delay before the rock fails. This period is characterized by the occurrence and coalescence of microcracks which radiate acoustic signals of broad amplitudes. These acoustic emission events have been shown to exhibit power-law scaling as they increase in intensity prior to a rupture. In case of seismogenic processes in the Earth's brittle crust, all earthquakes are followed by an aftershock sequence. A universal feature of aftershocks is that their rate decays in time according to the modified Omori's law, a power-law decay. In this paper a model of continuum damage mechanics in which damage (microcracking) starts to develop when the applied stress exceeds a prescribed yield stress (a material parameter) is introduced to explain both laboratory experiments and systematic temporal variations in seismicity.     

Differences Between Mode I and Mode II Crack Propagation

Although mode I and mode II crack propagation show many similarities, in particular when analysed by linear elastic fracture mechanics, they differ significantly in the micro-structural behaviour. These differences, which are clearly noticeable in the fracture surface morphology, lead to fundamental differences in the macroscopic behaviour. Thus, mode II crack expansion under remote loading, appears to obey micro-structural scaling laws, implying that the dimensions of the process region stay essentially constant during crack expansion, rather than increasing with crack length. Therefore, expanding mode II cracks can almost reach the Rayleigh velocity, and actually also intersonic velocities. An expanding mode I crack, on the other hand, seems to obey continuum scaling laws, implying that the dimensions of the process region increase in proportion to crack length, leading to self-similar crack expansion at a velocity significantly below the Rayleigh speed and dependent on the remote load.     

Spectral scaling in Mars topography: effect of craters

Extensive computer simulations aimed at testing a hypothesis that impact craters may explain the scaling behaviour of surface spectra are presented. The simulations show that indeed crater effects alone may explain the spectral scaling of Mars’ topography revealed from MOLA data. The range of the scaling exponents obtained for a wide range of simulation parameters does not exceed the limits observed for Mars. The simulations suggest that the shape of large craters is the key factor leading to the two scaling ranges in the surface spectra. Particular values of the scaling exponents may additionally depend on the depth-diameter relationship and the crater size distribution.     

印尼和日本等地地震灾害对我省防震减灾的启示

简述了印度洋地震海啸与日本新、福冈地震灾害,分析了山西省防震减灾工作所面临的形势,提出了搞好山西省防震减灾工作的措施和建议,认为各级政府及有关部门应严格履行防震减灾的法定职责,作好“三大体系”的各项工作,才能实现无震有备,有震少灾。     

防震减灾兴政安民——谈城市经济建设与防震减灾的关系

通过对经济建设与公益事业发展、应急救灾与全民防御、依法行政与主观决策、眼前利益与长治久安等关系的论述,认为,城市经济建设与防震减灾密切相关。论述了防震减灾与兴政安民之间的联系。结合太原市地震局近一年的改革实践,得出只要防震减灾与经济建设工作并肩发展,就能起到了“兴政安民”的作用。     

雷雨天气预防数字探空仪突失应注意的问题

通过对数字探空仪在雷雨天气中容易发生突失的原因分析，提出相应的应对措施。     

巴东城区地质安全问题与防灾体系建设

巴东城区地质环境条件复杂,属三峡库区地质灾害极易发区,滑坡、塌岸、泥石流等地质灾害发育,部分灾害体已造成严重危害。通过对巴东城区地质灾害形成条件的资料复核和现场核查,对巴东城区地质灾害体稳定性进行逐一评价,在此基础上进行了巴东城区地质安全分区评价,提出了限制城建规模和人口发展的规划原则和防灾体系建设必须遵循治理、监测与规范人类工程活动相结合的统一协调原则。