A site‐consistent method to quantify sufficiency of alternative IMs in relation to PSDA

In probabilistic seismic demand analysis, evaluation of the sufficiency of an intensity measure (IM) is an important criterion to avoid biased assessment of the demand hazard. However, there exists no metric to quantify the degree of sufficiency as per the criterion of Luco and Cornell (2007). This paper proposes a site‐specific unified measure for degree of sufficiency from all seismological parameters under consideration using a total information gain metric. This unified metric for sufficiency supports not only comparison of the performance of different IMs given a response quantity but also assessment of the performance of a particular IM across different response quantities. The proposed sufficiency metric was evaluated for a 4‐story steel moment frame building, and the influence of ground motion selection on the degree of sufficiency was investigated. It was observed that ground motion selection can have a significant impact on IM sufficiency. Because computing the total information gain requires continuous deaggregation across the IM space, an approximate deaggregation technique that allows for a more practical estimation of marginal deaggregation probabilities is proposed. It is expected that the total information gain metric proposed in this paper will aid in understanding the efficiency‐sufficiency relation, thus enabling the selection of a proper scalar IM for a given site and application in probabilistic seismic demand analysis.     

Real scalar field scattering in the nearly extremal Schwarzschildben de Sitter space

Reasonable approximations are introduced to investigate the real scalar field scattering in the nearly extremal Schwarzschild--de Sitter (SdS) space. The approximations naturally lead to the invertible x(r) and the global replacement of the true potential by a P?shl--Teller one. Meanwhile, the Schr?dinger-like wave equation is transformed into a solvable form. Our numerical solutions to the wave equation show that the wave is characteristically similar to the harmonic under the tortoise coordinate x, while the wave piles up near the two horizons and the wavelength tends to its maximum as the potential approaches to the peak under the radial coordinate r.     

中国城市区域治理的尺度重构与尺度政治

系统回顾西方尺度理论,尤其是尺度生产(尺度重构与尺度政治)理论,借此阐释中国城市区域治理形成的尺度逻辑.研究发现,中国城市区域包括城市群与都市区2个地理尺度;治理尺度是以行政权力为核心,形成自上而下的行政权力金字塔;治理尺度的动态重配并与地理尺度相耦合的过程是中国城市区域治理的尺度建构的本质;改革开放后,中国宏观政治经...     

双标量损伤模型及其在Biot固结有限元中的应用

在前人工作的基础上,推广并发展了各向同性双标量损伤变量理论,推导出双标量损伤变量模型的损伤演化方程。然后,将其引入比奥固结有限元方程中,并据此编制相应的双标量损伤变量流-固耦合有限元程序。最后,对一个软土路基有限元简化模型进行分析计算,并以典型节点为例,绘制了模型沉降值、孔压值、损伤变量等的变化曲线。结果表明,利用双标量损伤变量模型描述土的本构关系比单标量损伤模型更加合理。     

胶西北焦家断裂带深部载金黄铁矿标型特征研究及其地质意义

胶东是我国最重要的金矿集中区, 焦家金矿带是区内最主要的金矿床分布区, 黄铁矿是焦家金矿成矿作用的贯通性矿物, 是主要的载金矿物之一。本次工作采集了焦家断裂带深部2700~3000 m内的矿体及矿化体样品, 对黄铁矿进行了晶体形态、主量元素、微量元素、EMPA面扫等研究工作。各个成矿阶段的黄铁矿晶体形态标型研究表明, 成矿I阶段黄铁矿自形-半自形, 颗粒较细小, 以细粒的立方体、五角十二面体为主; 成矿Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段黄铁矿自形-半自形, 颗粒较粗大, 以立方体为主, 含少量五角十二面体, 具有较多的立方体、五角十二面体聚形晶; 成矿Ⅳ阶段黄铁矿主要以继承性的细粒立方体黄铁矿为主。各个成矿阶段的主、微量元素有显著的差异, 焦家深部成矿流体成矿早期Ⅰ阶段富Co、Ni, 贫Au, 成矿温度较高, 随着成矿作用的进行, 温度逐渐降低, 成矿Ⅱ阶段的成矿流体中含有一定量的伴生中温金属元素Ag、As、Te、Cu等, 成矿Ⅲ阶段中, 成矿温度进一步降低, 成矿流体逐渐转化为贫Co、Ni, 富Au及其伴生金属元素Ag、As、Te、Cu、Zn、Pb、Sb等。根据电子探针(EMPA)面扫描, 区分两种黄铁矿类型, Py1型黄铁矿, 富Co、Ni, 贫As、Pb等元素; Py2型黄铁矿, 主要为富As, 包裹部分被溶蚀的Py1型黄铁矿; 通过对焦家金矿带黄铁矿的晶体形态、主量元素、微量元素、EMPA面扫等标型特征进行详细研究, 对于深部找矿预测具有十分重要的意义。     

捷联式航空重力测量算法比较

捷联式航空重力测量系统与平台式系统相比具有体积小、重量轻、功耗低等许多优点,近些年来取得了显著的研究进展.本文给出了捷联式航空重力测量的两种算法模型:捷联式惯性标量重力测量(SISG)和旋转不变式标量重力测量(RISG)模型,并对其误差模型作了初步讨论.利用我国首套捷联式航空重力仪SGA-WZ01在某海域的部分试验数据,对两种算法模型进行了比较分析,表明其差值之标准差对于200s的滤波长度小于0.5mGal.同时,利用两组重复测线数据估算了不同滤波尺度下的两种算法的内符合精度,表明SISG算法略优于RISG算法.对于200s和300s的滤波长度,SISG的内符合精度分别为1.06mGal和0.80mGal.     

河流管理中含植物水流问题研究进展

河流管理涵盖灌溉、防洪、河流生态、环境等众多内容,其目的在于保护和恢复河流生态系统的整体生态功能。植物是具有生态功能河流的重要特征,为动物提供了栖息地,是维持河流健康发展的重要因素。由于植物的存在改变了水流运动特性和泥沙及污染物输移规律,含植物水流问题引起了河流管理领域的广泛关注,并且成为河流动力学新的重要的研究课题。回顾了当前国内外河流管理中含植物水流问题研究的主要成果,归纳为水流阻力、紊流结构、泥沙运动和被动标量扩散输移四个方面的研究内容,详细介绍了重要的研究方法、结论和量测手段,讨论了含植物水流问题当前研究存在的不足,并指出今后的研究趋势。     

The massive scalar field in a closed Friedmann universe model — new rigorous results

For the minimally coupled scalar field in Einstein's theory of gravitation we look for the space of solutions within the class of closed Friedmann universe models. We prove D ≥ 1, where D ≥ is the dimension of the set of solutions which can be integrated up to t → ∞ (D > 0 was conjectured by PAGE (1984)). We discuss concepts like “the probability of the appearance of a sufficiently long inflationary phase” and argue that it is primarily a probability measure μ in the space V of solutions (and not in the space of initial conditions) which has to be applied. μ is naturally defined for Bianchi-type I cosmological models because V is a compact cube. The problems with the closed Friedmann model (which led to controversial claims in the literature) will be shown to originate from the fact that V has a complicated non-compact non-Hausdorff Geroch topology: no natural definition of μ can be given. We conclude: the present state of our universe can be explained by models of the type discussed, but thereby the anthropic principle cannot be fully circumvented.     

A comparison and analysis of airborne gravimetry results from two strapdown inertial/DGPS systems

In September 1996 the University of Calgary tested a combination of strapdown inertial navigation systems and differential global positioning system (DGPS) receivers for their suitability to determine gravity at aircraft flying altitudes. The purpose of this test was to investigate the long-term accuracy and repeatability of the system, as well as its potential for geoid and vertical gradient of gravity determination. The test took place during a 3-day period in the Canadian Rocky Mountains over a single 100 × 100 km area which was flown with 10-km line spacing. Two flights were done at 4350 m in E–W and N–S profile directions, respectively, and one at 7300 m with E–W profiles. Two strapdown inertial systems, the Honeywell LASEREF III and the Litton-101 Flagship, were flown side by side. Comparison of the system estimates with an upward-continued reference showed root-mean-square (RMS) agreement at the level of 3.5 mGal for 90- and 120-s filter lengths. The LASEREF III, however, performed significantly better than the Litton 101 for shorter filtering periods of 30 and 60 s. A comparison between the two systems results in an RMS agreement of 2.8 and 2.3 mGal for the 90- and 120-s filters. The better agreement between the two systems is mainly due to the fact that the upward-continued reference has not been filtered identically to the system gravity disturbance estimates. Additional low-frequency differences seem to point to an error in the upward-continued reference. Finally, an analysis of crossover points between flight days for the LASEREF III shows a standard deviation of 1.6 mGal, which is near the noise level of the INS and GPS data. Further improvements to the system are possible, and some ideas for future work are briefly presented. Received: 17 March 1998 / Accepted: 1 February 1999