泥浆在地层中的渗透特性试验研究

保持开挖孔（槽）的稳定性是泥浆在地下连续墙、钻孔灌注桩及泥水盾构工法等工程中最重要的作用,是通过泥浆在地层表面形成泥皮,使得泥浆压力平衡地层的土水压力实现的。其中,泥皮的形成是泥浆在地层中的渗透问题。为了探讨泥浆在地层中的渗透规律,采用多组性质不同的泥浆在多种渗透性不同的地层中开展泥浆在地层中的渗透试验,系统地展示了泥浆在地层中不同的渗透现象。渗透完成后泥浆颗粒在地层表面的堆积形态可以分为：泥皮型、泥皮+渗透带型、无泥皮或渗透带3种类型,并且泥浆在地层中的渗透曲线的类型与泥浆颗粒在地层表面的堆积形态的类型有一定的对应关系。泥浆在地层中的渗透试验过程中渗透流量的大小,不仅可以反映泥浆的渗透类型,还可以作为判断是否形成泥皮的标准。     

低矮路堤下膨胀土地基渗流与变形耦合研究

二维渗流与变形耦合控制方程是基于流体质量守恒、Darcy定律及膨胀土弹性本构方程得出的。结合云桂高速铁路低矮路堤下膨胀土地基现场浸水试验,并采用考虑耦合和不考虑耦合两种数值模拟方法,分析了低矮路堤下膨胀土地基的膨胀变形特性。研究结果表明,耦合情况下地基表面膨胀变形呈双曲线变化,非耦合情况下地基表面膨胀变形随时间的增加而逐渐增大,对同一时间而言,未考虑耦合效应数值模拟得到的膨胀变形落后于考虑耦合影响的膨胀变形;耦合与非耦合情况下地基的相对膨胀率沿深度方向呈衰减变化。数值计算结果与现场试验结果比较表明,不考虑耦合影响的数值模拟方法难以描述人工浸水条件下膨胀土地基的膨胀变形规律,而考虑耦合影响的数值模拟方法与现场实测值吻合较好。     

Coupled discrete element and finite volume solution of two classical soil mechanics problems

One dimensional solutions for the classic critical upward seepage gradient/quick condition and the time rate of consolidation problems are obtained using coupled routines for the finite volume method (FVM) and discrete element method (DEM), and the results compared with the analytical solutions. The two phase flow in a system composed of fluid and solid is simulated with the fluid phase modeled by solving the averaged Navier–Stokes equation using the FVM and the solid phase is modeled using the DEM. A framework is described for the coupling of two open source computer codes: YADE-OpenDEM for the discrete element method and OpenFOAM for the computational fluid dynamics. The particle–fluid interaction is quantified using a semi-empirical relationship proposed by Ergun [12]. The two classical verification problems are used to explore issues encountered when using coupled flow DEM codes, namely, the appropriate time step size for both the fluid and mechanical solution processes, the choice of the viscous damping coefficient, and the number of solid particles per finite fluid volume.     

临江污水处理厂深基坑施工中地下水的处理研究

介绍了场地位临长江,地质条件复杂的黄浦路污水处理厂深基坑施工实例。分析了深基坑施工中地下水的危害,论述了对其处理的方法及要点,指出深基坑地下水的处理中,降水不可回避,但周边沉降可以避免。只要处理方案合理,成井质量得到保证,施工操作规范,可以满足坑内干作业的施工要求。     

Coastal Massachusetts pond development: edaphic,climatic, and sea level impacts since deglaciation

Kettle ponds in the Cape Cod National Seashore in southeastern Massachusetts differ in their evolution due to depth of the original ice block, the clay content of outwash in their drainage basins, and their siting in relation to geomorphic changes caused by sea-level rise, barrier beach formation, and saltmarsh development. Stratigraphic records of microfossil, carbon isotope, and sediment changes also document late-glacial and Holocene climatic changes.The ponds are separated into 3 groups, each of which follow different development scenarios. Group I ponds date from the late-glacial. They formed in clay-rich outwash, have perched aquifers and continuous lake sediment deposition. The earliest pollen and macrofossil assemblages in Group I pond sediments suggest tundra and spruce-willow parklands before 12 000 yr B.P., boreal forest between 12 000 and 10 500 yr B.P., bog/heath initiation and expansion during the Younger Dryas between 11 000 and 10 000 yr B.P., northern conifer forest between 10 500 and 9500 yr B.P., and establishment of the Cape oak and pitch pine barrens vegetation after 9500 yr B.P. Sedimentation rate changes suggest lowered freshwater levels between 9000 and 5000 yr B.P. caused by decreased precipitation on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Lake sediment deposition began in the middle Holocene in Group II ponds which formed in clay-poor outwash. These ponds date from about 6000-5000 yr B.P. In these ponds sediment deposition began as sea level rose and the freshwater lens intersected the dry basins. The basal radiocarbon dates of these ponds and stable carbon isotope analyses of the pond sediments suggest a sea-level curve for Cape Cod Bay. Holocene topographic changes in upland and the landscape surrounding the ponds is reconstructed for this coastal area.Group III ponds in the late Holocene landscape of the Provincelands dunes originated as interdunal bogs about 1000 yr B.P. and became ponds more recently as water-levels increased. Peat formation in the Provincelands reflects climatic changes evident on both sides of the Atlantic region.This is the 8th in a series of papers published in this special AMQUA issue. These papers were presented at the 1994 meeting of the American Quaternary Association held 19–22 June, 1994, at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. Dr Linda C. K. Shane served as guest editor for these papers.     

陡坡水库大坝渗透稳定性及渗透变形分析

陡坡水库存在大坝质量差、坝体发育大量裂缝、背水坡出现散浸现象、坝后沼泽化并形成一上升泉以及排水渠和鱼池有絮状析出物、渗漏量增大等问题,这些异常现象都是由坝体及坝基渗流引起的。在阐述坝体和坝基地质、水文地质条件情况下,分析了大坝渗漏成因及大坝的渗透稳定性,指出坝体实际浸润线及坝体渗漏量是不正常的,特别是1987年后当库水位高于194 m,同一库水位呈上升趋势,这是反常的。坝基实际渗漏量异常,存在管涌和接触冲刷问题,尤其库水位低至 193.84 m,坝后上升泉仍有沙沸现象。上述现象表明大坝渗流是危险的,并分析了散浸、析出物、上升泉及沼泽化、坝肩及绕坝渗漏等现象的成因。     

多种勘探测试方法在隧道水文地质勘察中的应用研究以云南省宜良至石林高速公路山冲箐隧道为例

当拟建隧道从地表水体底部穿越时,隧道建设对地表水体的疏干和地表水体渗漏对隧道的施工、运行的影响是建设者特别关注的问题。本次水文地质勘察工作采用了水文地质测绘、水文地质钻探、抽水试验、压水试验、现场多参数水质分析仪测试、室内水质全分析试验、钻孔波速测试等工作手段。通过多种勘探测试方法,查明了隧道区洞身段青草凹水库、清水沟水库的水文地质条件。青草凹水库、清水沟水库地表水与钻孔内地下水水力联系不明显。隧道开挖对青草凹水库、清水沟水库影响小,地表水体对隧道涌水量影响小。采用多种勘探测试方法能较好地查清地下工程与地表水体的相互影响关系。在类似项目的地下水含水介质研究及相关的勘察中具有较大的推广和应用价值。     

考虑降雨影响的膨胀土边坡稳定性分析简化法

基于非饱和土一维降雨入渗模型,模拟了膨胀土边坡在降雨入渗条件下的水分运移特征。通过试验,研究了膨胀土抗剪强度随含水量变化的关系,提出了一种考虑降雨入渗影响的膨胀土边坡稳定性分析的简化方法。研究表明,随降雨历时的增加,边坡的安全系数逐渐变小,边坡最危险滑动面有向浅层发展的趋势。这种方法既能避免繁杂的基质吸力测量,同时能够考虑膨胀土的非饱和性,可以基本满足一般中小型工程设计的需要。     

考虑渗流力时对太沙基一维固结理论的修正

考虑渗流力的作用，对太沙基一维固结理论进行了修正，给出了向上及向下渗流时固结度的表达式，并分析了固结过程中渗流应力的变化规律。结果表明：渗流力对固结度的影响较大，特别是在时间因素Tv=0.1附近，是否考虑渗流力的影响将导致固结度的差值达30 %，因而渗流力对固结度的影响是不可忽略的。     

Spatial patterns of groundwater‐lake exchange – implications for acid neutralization processes in an acid mine lake

Exchange of groundwater and lake water with typically quite different chemical composition is an important driver for biogeochemical processes at the groundwater‐lake interface, which can affect the water quality of lakes. This is of particular relevance in mine lakes where anoxic and slightly acidic groundwater mixes with oxic and acidic lake water (pH < 3). To identify links between groundwater‐lake exchange rates and acid neutralization processes in the sediments, exchange rates were quantified and related to pore‐water pH, sulfate and iron concentrations as well as sulfate reduction rates within the sediment. Seepage rates measured with seepage meters (?2.5 to 5.8 L m^‐2 d^‐1) were in reasonable agreement with rates inverted from modeled chloride profiles (?1.8 to 8.1 L m^‐2 d^‐1). Large‐scale exchange patterns were defined by the (hydro)geologic setting but superimposed by smaller scale variations caused by variability in sediment texture. Sites characterized by groundwater upwelling (flow into the lake) and sites where flow alternated between upwelling and downwelling were identified. Observed chloride profiles at the alternating sites reflected the transient flow regime. Seepage direction, as well as seepage rate, were found to influence pH, sulfate and iron profiles and the associated sulfate reduction rates. Under alternating conditions proton‐consuming processes, for example, sulfate reduction, were slowed. In the uppermost layer of the sediment (max. 5 cm), sulfate reduction rates were significantly higher at upwelling (>330 nmol g^‐1 d^‐1) compared to alternating sites (<220 nmol g^‐1 d^‐1). Although differences in sulfate reduction rates could not be explained solely by different flux rates, they were clearly related to the prevailing groundwater‐lake exchange patterns and the associated pH conditions. Our findings strongly suggest that groundwater‐lake exchange has significant effects on the biogeochemical processes that are coupled to sulfate reduction such as acidity retention and precipitation of iron sulfides. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.