Seismic indicators of focused fluid flow and cross-evaporitic seepage in the Eastern Mediterranean

We present for the first time a synthesis of the evidence of focused fluid flow in the Eastern Mediterranean, providing an updated record that includes recent and past occurrences through the last ca. 6 My of evolution of the basin. We do this by adding the interpretation of a previously unpublished regional 2D seismic dataset to the existing occurrences of focused fluid flow reported in the literature. Our interpretation shows a high number (141) of focused fluid flow features, which span the stratigraphic interval from late Miocene to Recent. Of these features, (82) are at the seabed, and (59) are buried. The previous published record is more difficult to quantify, but in comparison shows an overwhelming majority of seabed features, with only rare examples of buried features.The spectrum of the buried and seabed features covers pockmarks, pipes, mud volcanoes, clastic intrusions and collapse structures. Clustering of the fluid flow features is observed at different times in specific areas, including the Nile Cone, and the Levant, Herodotus, Cyprus and Latakia basins. With the buried record, we are able to highlight the evolution of the leakage points through time. Focused fluid flow venting has been occurring since the onset of the Messinian Salinity Crisis and the start of basinwide deposition of evaporites. We focus in particular on seismic indicators of leakage through evaporites, and of sub-evaporitic source for fluids and remobilised sediments. We also discuss the role of the evaporites as a seal to ascending fluids, and in which circumstances they can be breached.Fluids (and associated remobilised sediments) are sourced from different intervals, from the sub- and supra-evaporitic section, and possibly within the evaporites. Only a minor proportion of the fluid flow features are certainly sourced from below the Messinian evaporites, and most of them are located in the Nile-Levant-Eratosthenes areas. The few examples of pathways that are able to cross thick, undeformed and well preserved evaporites are typically correlated to overpressure release and hydrofracturing. This confirms that the evaporites do act regionally as a very good seal as expected, while fluids are able to cross the evaporites only in their most extreme expression, i.e. in near-lithostathic overpressure conditions. This is confirmed by our observations made in the Eastern Mediterranean, where in the presence of relatively undisturbed evaporites, cross-evaporite vertical fluid pathways are only observed at the high end of the flux-pressure range, and involve sediment remobilisation. Maps combining these different elements can be used to detect areas potentially more prone to breaching.     

考虑渗流条件下开挖面失稳离心试验研究

当土压平衡盾构穿越高水位地层（如穿越江河）时,地下水与土舱之间的高水压差会产生过大的渗透力,导致开挖面失稳。为了研究渗流条件下开挖面失稳问题,开发了一套隧道离心模型试验装置,主要包括刚性模型箱、模型盾构、开挖面伺服加载系统、水位控制系统、储水箱。针对饱和砂质粉土地层,开展了一系列不同水位高度的稳态渗流开挖面失稳模型试验。结果显示,开挖面失稳过程中随着开挖面位移的增加,有效支护压力迅速下降;在达到最小值 之后缓慢回升并趋于稳定;极限有效支护压力 与水头压力 呈线性关系。     

基于土体细观结构重构技术的渗流场数值模拟

真实土体的细观结构由许多个大小不一的土颗粒团组成,传统四参数随机生长法（QSGS）构建的土体结构土颗粒团比较均匀,与实际情况存在较大的差异。为弥补这一缺陷,考虑土体孔隙率及自相关函数的影响,对传统的四参数随机生长法进行改进,实现了更接近于真实土体的细观结构重构。在此基础上基于格子Boltzmann方法,采用D2Q9模型,通过设置模型入口、出口边界为非平衡态外推格式,左右边界及土颗粒边界为标准反弹格式的边界条件,建立了模拟重构土体细观渗流场的二维模型。同时,针对一算例编制了相应的计算程序,研究了恒定流速入渗情况下重构土体的细观渗流场。研究表明：土体的渗流方向优先选择连通性较好孔隙所形成的通道,流速受控于通道整体连通性的优劣。整体贯通型的通道流动速度较快,部分连通的孔隙中其流动速度相对较慢。即使局部孔隙空间较大,其渗流速度仍取决于是否位于贯通型通道上。     

用空气单元法求解渗流场的逸出边界问题

依据空气单元模拟排水孔的思路,在渗流场任意可能逸出边界外布置一层渗透性较强的单元,与其他实体单元一起进行渗流计算,可以实现该边界的自动求解。与现行方法相比,不仅省去了逸出边界迭代计算的麻烦,而且避免了由于逸出点定位不准确而可能引起的渗流计算不合理或收敛困难等缺陷。算例分析表明,空气单元法的计算精度与空气单元的相对渗透系数R有关,与厚度L无关。当选取了合适的R值后,可以较好地逼近现行方法。对于因引入空气单元而造成的强弱透水介质界面处数值拟真性差的现象,还提出了加入接触面薄层单元的改进方法。方法改进后,计算精度可进一步提高。最后,以小湾水电站22#坝段渗流场计算为例,说明该法的实用性和可行性。     

阿青水电站沥青心墙坝渗流分析与控制

水电站的渗流计算分析是一项复杂而在设计中又极其重要的工作,很难获得符合实际的渗流分析结果。结合阿青水电站的渗流控制分析,全面阐述了水电站渗流分析中熟悉工程概况和水文地质条件,明确分析任务、概化模型、剖分网格、选取材料参数,确定了计算方案和边界条件,整理分析计算结果,进行方案比较,分析了参数敏感性的方法和过程,认为应做好上述每一个环节,对全面把握工程的渗流性状,进行防渗排水体系的方案选择和优化的重要意义。分析表明,河床最大剖面的渗流量不一定比较低坝高剖面的渗流量大,狭窄河谷心墙堆石坝坝体和坝基总的渗流量,也可能比大坝最大剖面的渗流量与坝轴线长度的乘积大。     

How hydrological factors initiate instability in a model sandy slope

Knowledge of the mechanisms of rain‐induced shallow landslides can improve the prediction of their occurrence and mitigate subsequent sediment disasters. Here, we examine an artificial slope's subsurface hydrology and propose a new slope stability analysis that includes seepage force and the down‐slope transfer of excess shear forces. We measured pore water pressure and volumetric water content immediately prior to a shallow landslide on an artificial sandy slope of 32°: The direction of the subsurface flow shifted from downward to parallel to the slope in the deepest part of the landslide mass, and this shift coincided with the start of soil displacement. A slope stability analysis that was restricted to individual segments of the landslide mass could not explain the initiation of the landslide; however, inclusion of the transfer of excess shear forces from up‐slope to down‐slope segments improved drastically the predictability. The improved stability analysis revealed that an unstable zone expanded down‐slope with an increase in soil water content, showing that the down‐slope soil initially supported the unstable up‐slope soil; destabilization of this down‐slope soil was the eventual trigger of total slope collapse. Initially, the effect of apparent soil cohesion was the most important factor promoting slope stability, but seepage force became the most important factor promoting slope instability closer to the landslide occurrence. These findings indicate that seepage forces, controlled by changes in direction and magnitude of saturated and unsaturated subsurface flows, may be the main cause of shallow landslides in sandy slopes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

渗流作用下河岸深基坑支护结构稳定性分析

河水径向渗流会对河岸基坑稳定性及支护结构内力产生显著影响。以某深基坑工程为背景进行了三维流固耦合数值模拟分析,研究了渗流对深基坑土体及支护结构受力与变形的作用规律。研究结果表明：1初始水位时,渗流作用对土体水平应力与土体剪应力的影响较小,但水位上升后,坑底处土体水平应力明显增大,在坑壁拐角处应力集中现象突出,土体剪应力在开挖面以下的底脚处最大;2土体水平位移与竖向位移均在水位上升时呈递增趋势;3桩身弯矩与剪力在水位上升初期有较大增加,之后增长速度减小;4上层、下层锚杆的自由段和锚固段轴力在水位上升初期均有明显增加,但之后增加幅度很小;5安全系数在水位上升初期降低较多,之后以较小速度呈线性减小。     

泥浆在地层中的渗透特性试验研究

保持开挖孔（槽）的稳定性是泥浆在地下连续墙、钻孔灌注桩及泥水盾构工法等工程中最重要的作用,是通过泥浆在地层表面形成泥皮,使得泥浆压力平衡地层的土水压力实现的。其中,泥皮的形成是泥浆在地层中的渗透问题。为了探讨泥浆在地层中的渗透规律,采用多组性质不同的泥浆在多种渗透性不同的地层中开展泥浆在地层中的渗透试验,系统地展示了泥浆在地层中不同的渗透现象。渗透完成后泥浆颗粒在地层表面的堆积形态可以分为：泥皮型、泥皮+渗透带型、无泥皮或渗透带3种类型,并且泥浆在地层中的渗透曲线的类型与泥浆颗粒在地层表面的堆积形态的类型有一定的对应关系。泥浆在地层中的渗透试验过程中渗透流量的大小,不仅可以反映泥浆的渗透类型,还可以作为判断是否形成泥皮的标准。     

低矮路堤下膨胀土地基渗流与变形耦合研究

二维渗流与变形耦合控制方程是基于流体质量守恒、Darcy定律及膨胀土弹性本构方程得出的。结合云桂高速铁路低矮路堤下膨胀土地基现场浸水试验,并采用考虑耦合和不考虑耦合两种数值模拟方法,分析了低矮路堤下膨胀土地基的膨胀变形特性。研究结果表明,耦合情况下地基表面膨胀变形呈双曲线变化,非耦合情况下地基表面膨胀变形随时间的增加而逐渐增大,对同一时间而言,未考虑耦合效应数值模拟得到的膨胀变形落后于考虑耦合影响的膨胀变形;耦合与非耦合情况下地基的相对膨胀率沿深度方向呈衰减变化。数值计算结果与现场试验结果比较表明,不考虑耦合影响的数值模拟方法难以描述人工浸水条件下膨胀土地基的膨胀变形规律,而考虑耦合影响的数值模拟方法与现场实测值吻合较好。     

基于流固耦合的围岩后注浆对大型水封石油洞库水封性影响分析

基于多孔弹性连续介质流固耦合理论,通过合理选取围岩主要物理力学参数,建立了大型石油储备地下水封洞库全断面开挖后洞室涌水量计算模型,利用大型商业软件Comsol对黄岛国家石油储备地下水封洞库地下水渗流场和位移场进行数值模拟分析。通过不同注浆方案及不同注浆厚度情况下地下水渗流量的比较分析发现,并不是注浆圈的厚度越大对洞室渗水量的控制效果越好,而是存在相对经济合理的阈值。研究表明,最佳的注浆方式是形成全断面闭合注浆圈,最佳注浆厚度为5 m。