In situ characterization of grain‐scale fluvial morphology using Terrestrial Laser Scanning

The grain‐scale morphology of fluvial sediments is an important control on the character and dynamics of river systems; however current understanding of its role is limited by the difficulties of robustly quantifying field surface morphology. Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) offers a new methodology for the rapid acquisition of high‐resolution and high‐precision surface elevation data from in situ sediments. To date, most environmental and fluvial applications of TLS have focused on large‐scale systems, capturing macroscale morphologies. Application of this new technology at scales necessary to characterize the complexity of grain‐scale fluvial sediments therefore requires a robust assessment of the quality and sources of errors in close‐range TLS data. This paper describes both laboratory and field experiments designed to evaluate close‐range TLS for sedimentological applications and to develop protocols for data acquisition. In the former, controlled experiments comprising high‐resolution scans of white, grey and black planes and a sphere were used to quantify the magnitude and source of three‐dimensional (3D) point errors resulting from a combination of surface geometry, reflectivity effects and inherent instrument precision. Subsequently, a methodology for the collection and processing of grain‐scale TLS data is described through an application to a coarse grained gravel system, the River Feshie (D₅₀ 32 to 63 mm). This stepwise strategy incorporates averaging repeat scans and filtering scan artefact and non‐surface points using local 3D search algorithms. The sensitivity of the results to the filter parameter values are assessed by careful internal validation of Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) created from the resulting point cloud data. The transferability of this methodology is assessed through application to a second river, Bury Green Brook, dominated by finer gravel (D₅₀ 18 to 33 mm). The factor limiting the resolution of DTMs created from this second dataset was found to be the relative sizes of the laser footprint and smallest grains. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

呼伦贝尔沙质草原风蚀坑形态发育模式分析

 野外调查测量呼伦贝尔沙质草原风蚀坑分布和形态参数,根据不同发展阶段的风蚀坑形态特征的差异、形态参数间相关关系和拟合结果分析了风蚀坑的形态演变和发育、成因、规律。发现不同发展阶段风蚀坑形态参数之间的控制关系和扩展模式不同,各形态参数之间具有较好的幂函数关系。对于风蚀坑的侵蚀坑而言,坑长增长速度最快,其后依次是坑宽和坑深,坑后积沙体具有类似规律。风蚀坑坑后积沙的3个形态参数,受侵蚀坑3个参数的联合控制,但受坑深的控制最为显著。风蚀坑出现的起始形态、地形特征、植被、气流场、气候条件、人类活动的扰动等对其形态和发育具有重要影响,并且形态和发育反作用于植被、气流等,形成形态与气流、植被之间的响应与反馈。     

内蒙古6种沙生柳树叶片解剖结构的抗旱性分析

利用常规石蜡切片、光学显微镜观察的方法,对内蒙古地区6种沙生柳树叶片的解剖结构进行比较分析。结果表明,6种柳树的叶片结构具有相似性,均为全栅型的等面叶,表皮均具有角质层,主脉为双韧维管束,栅栏组织发达,5～6层。差异表现在角质层和表皮厚度、主脉和叶片厚度、栅栏组织的厚度等方面。应用SAS和SPSS软件进行分析,根据几种柳树叶片的结构特征,得出抗旱性大小顺序依次为：黄柳、砂杞柳、沙柳、乌柳、筐柳、小红柳。     

Modal identification of a centrifuge soil model using subspace state space method

In this paper, modal parameters of a layered soil system comprising of a soft clay layer overlying a dense sand layer are identified from accelerometer recordings in a centrifuge test. For the first time, the subspace state space system identification (4SID) method was employed to identify the natural frequencies, damping ratios, and complex valued mode shapes while considering the non-proportional damping in a soil system. A brief review of system identification concepts needed for application of the 4SID techniques to structural modal identification is provided in the paper. The identified natural frequencies were validated against those estimated by transfer function spectra. The computed normal mode shapes were compared with closed-form solutions obtained from the one-dimensional shear wave propagation equation. The identified modal parameters were then employed to synthesize state space prediction models which were subsequently used to simulate the soil response to three successive base motions. The identified models captured acceleration time-histories and corresponding Fourier spectra reasonably well in the small and moderate shaking events. In the stronger third shaking event, the model performed well at greater soil depths, but was less accurate near the surface where nonlinearities dominated.     

科尔沁沙质草地不同恢复年限草本层群落结构及其与土壤理化性质的关系

草本植物在沙地植被恢复过程中具有重要作用,研究自然恢复沙质草地草本层植物群落组成变化规律及其与土壤因子之间的关系,对植被与土壤恢复具有重要的意义.本研究对科尔沁严重退化沙地封育12、17年和20年的自然恢复沙质草地植物组成和土壤理化性质进行研究,同时分析了植物组成与土壤因子的相关关系.结果表明:随着恢复年限的增加,土壤...     

Bedload transport measurements with impact plate geophones: comparison of sensor calibration in different gravel‐bed streams

Indirect bedload transport measurements have been made with the Swiss plate geophone system in five gravel‐bed mountain streams. These geophone sensors record the motion of bedload particles transported over a steel plate mounted flush with the channel bed. To calibrate the geophone system, direct bedload transport measurements were undertaken simultaneously. At the Erlenbach in Switzerland, a moving‐basket sampler was used. At the Fischbach and Ruetz streams in Austria, a Helley–Smith type bedload sampler provided the calibration measurements. A Bunte‐type bedload trap was used at the Rofenache stream in Austria. At the Nahal Eshtemoa in Israel, Reid‐type slot bedload samplers were used. To characterize the response of the geophone signal to bedload particles impacting on the plate, geophone summary values were calculated from the raw signal and stored at one second intervals. The number of impulses, i.e. the number of peaks above a pre‐defined threshold value of the geophone output signal, correlated well with field measured gravel transport loads and was found to be a robust parameter. The relations of impulses to gravel transport loads were generally near‐linear, but the steepness of the calibration relations differed from site to site. By comparing the calibration measurements from the different field sites and utilizing insights gained during preliminary flume experiments, it has been possible to identify the main factors that are responsible for site specific differences in the calibration coefficient. The analysis of these calibration measurements indicates that the geophone signal also contains some information about the grain size distribution of bedload. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

多年冻土区水泥稳定砂砾基层抗冻性能研究

多年冻土地区路面使用过程中的许多病害与基层状况直接相关.水泥稳定砂砾作为我国传统的半刚性基层材料,在多年冻土地区公路路面结构中得到了普遍运用.为研究水泥稳定砂砾不同水泥掺量、不同养生龄期下的抗冻性能,通过提出合理的抗冻试验方法分别进行了水泥稳定砂砾冻融温度、冻融时间、冻融次数、试件的养生龄期及抗冻指标方面的试验研究. 结果表明：水泥剂量越高,水泥稳定砂砾冻前、冻后的抗压强度值越高,说明其抗冻性能越好;水泥稳定砂砾从28 d开始抗压强度、冻融后抗压强度及冻融后劈裂强度都明显增加,证明水泥稳定砂砾从28 d开始已具有一定的抗冻性. 提出的抗冻试验方法和指标要求适合多年冻土地区半刚性基层材料,有一定的实用价值.     

海岸沙地利用变化及其环境效应研究进展

地处全球变化敏感地区的海岸沙地的利用变化及其环境效应日益受到关注。文章通过对海岸沙地利用及其变化研究的发展历程,海岸沙地利用变化研究的案例与技术方法,海岸沙地利用变化所引起的大气环境、水环境、土壤环境、生物环境等方面的环境效应研究等文献的梳理和总结,对国内外海岸沙地利用变化及其环境效应的研究进展进行了综述,并提出了今后研究的主要方向：海岸沙地利用变化未来发展的情景模拟、海岸沙地利用演变驱动机理的定量分析、海岸沙地利用的整体生态环境效应研究、海岸沙地防护林地的合理开发与布局等。     

不同扰动方式对沙砾质戈壁地表风蚀量的影响

通过野外风洞实验,测定了不同破坏方式、破坏面积和风速下的沙砾质戈壁风蚀量。结果表明：不同破坏方式引起的风蚀量不同,扰动强度越大造成的风蚀量越多;相同扰动方式下连续破坏造成的风蚀量稍高于间隔破坏。风蚀总量随破坏面积的增大而增加,且服从指数函数。风速为8～10 m·s^-1时,扰动的戈壁地表以轻微侵蚀为主;10～12 m·s^-1 是风蚀量增幅最大阶段;当风速大于 12 m·s^-1时,以强烈风蚀为主。风沙流中沙物质的主体是细沙和极细沙,在20 cm高度范围内,自风沙流下层至上层细沙含量比较稳定,极细沙含量逐渐降低,中沙含量逐渐上升。     

咸水滴灌林地风沙土中微生物群落代谢特征

选择Biolog技术方法,利用方差分析和主成分分析研究了不同矿化度水滴灌下塔里木沙漠公路防护林地土壤微生物的代谢活性。结果表明：随着培养时间的推移,微生物利用单一碳源的颜色平均变化率（AWCD）呈现升高趋势。培养48 h内小于0.5,处于缓慢增长期;48 h后进入对数增长期;216 h后进入稳定期;衰亡期不明显。随着滴灌水矿化度增大,AWCD值明显降低,这种差异主要由土壤微生物对胺类、酚类化合物、碳水化合物利用的差异所致。土壤微生物群落利用碳源活性的垂直差异明显,70~100 cm土层是AWCD值最高的区域,表层0~5 cm最小。AWCD值与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效钾、速效磷的含量、pH值、阳离子交换量、容重的正相关系数均大于0.85。因此,土壤微生物利用碳源的代谢活性差异主要由土壤化学性质所致,土壤全量养分和酸碱度是主要驱动因子。胺类、酚类化合物、碳水化合物是区分不同矿化度水滴灌下土壤微生物群落生态功能的敏感碳源。