砂卵砾石层倒垂孔施工技术

针对砂卵砾石层倒垂孔施工中钻孔偏斜、孔内坍塌掉块、取心以及保护管的安装等困难问题,从钻机安装、钻具结构、设备能力、钻进技术参数等多方面采取相应的技术措施,取得了良好的施工效果。介绍了红叶电站砂卵砾石层倒垂孔的施工技术。     

注聚区油井砾石分级充填防砂工艺技术研究

注聚区油井砾石分级充填防砂工艺技术是针对胜利油田注聚区见聚油井产出液黏度增大、携砂能力增强,提液引效措施加剧油井出砂使油井防砂有效期变短等问题进行研究的。该技术是在注聚区油井充填防砂时改变过去采用单一粒径砾石进行充填防砂的做法,将不同粒径砾石按不同比例分级充填到近井、炮眼附近和筛套环空,同时在中粒度粒径的砾石中加入经过表面处理的短切纤维,提高了砾石充填挡砂屏障的挡砂强度,实现了挡砂屏障的“挡砂、稳砂、排砂”的功能。截止到2010年4月底,该技术现场累计推广应用32井次,分级充填后注聚区油井液量由27．2m3提高到40．43m3,油量由1．01m3提高到3．89m3,增幅分别达40％和80％,最长防砂有效期已达到400d。该技术的研发和应用,较好地解决了注聚区油井提液引效使防砂有效果变短和油井近井堵塞的问题,具有良好的应用前景。     

宜宾市城市土壤锌含量的空间分布特征及污染评价

在对四川省宜宾市63个土壤样品Zn含量分析的基础上,运用GIS地统计模块对Zn的空间分布特征和污染状况进行了系统分析.结果表明:不同功能区土壤Zn含量从高到低依次为:工业区>交通区>商业区>居民区>风景区;工业区、交通区和商业区土壤Zn含量显著高于四川省土壤背景值(82.1 mg/kg)(p=0.000),居民区和风景...     

Can sandy beach molluscs show an endogenously controlled circatidal migrating behaviour? Hints from a swash rig experiment

Many macrofaunal species inhabiting exposed sandy beaches are dependent on the swash for their nutrition and migration and are highly adapted to the harsh physical conditions of the swash. The most important physical factors that determine the distribution and behaviour of swash related fauna, next to the swash itself, are sediment grain size and beach slope. Crucial swash parameters are swash period and swash velocity. Studying the influence of these factors on the animals in the field is often very difficult and it is almost impossible to identify which factor causes what effect. Crucial knowledge about the direct role of the swash itself is lacking. Therefore, a device that generates swash waves on an artificial beach under laboratory conditions was designed: the swash rig. In the swash rig, full and independent control on sediment grain size, beach slope, swash velocity and swash period is present. This will allow us to do a variety of experiments on the influence of each of these factors, independently or combined, on swash fauna. In one such experiment, Olivella semistriata – a dominant surfing gastropod on Ecuadorian sandy beaches – was placed in the swash rig during rising and falling tide and subjected – under constant conditions – to an equal wave regime. During falling tide, and in absence of any tidal cue, almost all specimens moved downshore, as they would in the field; hardly any specimens moved upshore. During upcoming tide, however, there was noticeable upward migration in the swash rig, and half of the runs showed a net upward migration. Contrary to the common understanding that the behaviour of sandy beach molluscs is entirely environmentally driven, this experiment hints at the presence of an endogenous circatidal clock, which is used to direct the tidal migration of the species.     

Environmental niche of the smut lizard population on a sandy coastal ecosystem of Southeastern Tenerife (Canary Islands)

Relationships among environmental patterns and population size of the smut lizard Gallotia galloti galloti Oudart, 1839 (Sauria Lacertidae) were examined in the context of longer time-scale variability on a sandy beach and adjacent environments of Southeastern Tenerife. Seasonal and yearly patterns in the population size were likewise analyzed in relation to climatic and anthropic variables. Six sampling plots (coastal, sweet tabaiba, tuff, lava, sandy lava and crater) were selected following a perpendicular transect to the sandy fringe that extends from the beach toward the volcanic interior. Pitfall trapping was conducted from 1984 to 2005, and capture–mark–recapture technique and the Jolly–Seber method were used to estimate population sizes. The highest population size estimates were shown on the sandy lava plot and the neighboring lava plot, reaching values of about 3500 individuals ha⁻¹ during the spring. The population was active almost the whole year, with seasonal patterns of activity from March to October. Seasonal temperature and population size patterns were correlated but the 'calima' episodes produced some disturbance. Gallotia galloti galloti was one of the most abundant lizards of all the species studied and its population size has not remained stable over the study period, probably because of the absence of predation and competition, and because of human interference and environmental instability.     

黄土地场自重湿陷量实测值与计算值差异的原因分析

在兰州和平镇做了一大型现场浸水试验,测定了场地自重湿陷量,并利用实验数据计算了其湿陷量。现场浸水试验时,必须考虑浸水时间和入渗深度的影响,当湿润峰未到达湿陷性土层底面时,则存在很大一部分剩余湿陷量,由此低估了实际湿陷量。该现场浸水试验湿陷土层深度24 m,浸水61天,湿润峰深度达到12 m左右。按平均下渗速率估算,达到湿陷土层底面,需要120天以上。在湿陷性土层完全浸水的情况下,兰州地区大厚度湿陷性黄土的实测值远大于计算值,二者的比值为2.0左右,大于规范给出的修正系数1.5。综上所述,在现场试验时,除确定试验场地地貌单元、湿陷土层厚度外,必须给定合理的浸水时间,以便使湿陷性土层充分湿陷,或浸水后,及时测定湿润峰深度,计算实际湿陷土层的湿陷量,以便得出更合理的修正系数。     

垃圾填埋场砂土衬垫中膨润土添加剂的防渗能力

大部分垃圾填埋场选有低洼、底部由砂组成的地带,开发利用砂土作为填埋场防渗衬垫具有十分重要的意义。本文介绍了砂土中渗和膨润土添加２剂对砂土衬垫防渗性能改善的研究方法及研究结果。     

软土地区某场地扩底桩原型现场对比试验研究

为了解软土地区钻孔扩底灌注桩的工作机理,研究了申嘉湖杭高速公路练杭支线某场地扩底桩与直桩的竖向静荷载对比试验。通过对现场测试结果的分析,探讨钻扩桩的承载特性和竖向承载力,讨论单桩竖向承载力与桩侧摩擦力、桩端阻力的关系及发挥特性。研究结果表明,在软土地区应用扩底桩是完全可行的,扩底桩能够充分发挥持力层的承载潜力,对提高单桩承载力、减小桩体沉降效果显著;研究结果还表明,软土地区扩底桩工作机理与其他地区略有不同。     

西秦岭北缘漳县地区上新统砾岩砾石特征及其地质意义

西秦岭漳县地区保存了2套角度不整合分隔的新生代沉积地层单元,即下部渐新统—中新统含盐沉积地层和之上的上新统粗砾岩地层。通过对该地区上新统砾岩层的沉积旋回、砾岩中砾石大小、磨圆度、排列、成分等特征及垂向变化地观测统计分析,这套砾岩及砾石主要特征可以归纳为：①这套砾岩主要由厚层中-粗砾砾岩组成,厚度达480 m,呈近水平或缓倾斜角度不整合在下伏渐新统—中新统之上,自下而上可以分为洪积砾岩、冲积砾岩、冲洪积砾岩、冲积砾岩和冲洪积砾岩5个岩性段;②砾岩的砾石大小混杂,粒径分布范围大,最大粒径达120~240 mm,但以10~80 mm粒径砾石为主,砂砾质胶结,基质支撑为主,下部发育颗粒支撑筛状砾岩,砾石以次棱角状-次圆状为主,个别层位可见滚圆状砾石;③砾石成分为复成分,主要以灰绿色变质长石砂岩、长石石英砂岩、灰色或肉红色灰岩和斑状花岗岩、花岗闪长岩或闪长玢岩为主,且不同岩性段的砾石成分差异明显,洪积砾岩段以花岗质岩石和各种砂岩为主,而冲积砾岩段以灰岩砾石为主,且砾石磨圆度较好;④砾石叠瓦斜列方向主要指向南,指示了自南向北的古流向。根据这套砾岩的特征,结合其空间分布受向南陡倾的F2逆冲断层控制,以及砾石成分与西秦岭造山带岩石组成的一致性分析,认为这套上新统粗砾岩是以西秦岭北缘断层为边界的山前近源快速堆积的冲洪积扇沉积,具有再生前陆粗磨拉石盆地性质。结合青藏高原东北缘出现的一系列时代相同、构造背景一致的基本类似的粗砾岩,如循化盆地甘家砾岩和临夏盆地的积石山砾岩等,提出西秦岭北缘漳县地区的这套上新统砾岩是印度-欧亚板块碰撞汇聚向北扩展到青藏高原东北缘西秦岭北缘构造边界,不仅造成西秦岭造山带快速隆升,且引发了北缘断裂带复活而强烈向北逆冲,从而形成的再生前陆磨拉石盆地沉积的认识。     

砂土地层浅埋盾构隧道开挖渗流稳定性的模型试验和计算研究

针对浅埋盾构隧道开挖渗流对开挖面支护压力和地层失稳模式的影响问题,考虑盾构机开挖仓渣土孔隙水压力和面板及开口率的作用,设计制作了水下地层浅埋盾构隧道的开挖渗流模型并建立了附近地层沉降的量测采集系统。在不同的稳态渗流条件下,逐渐加大盾构隧道开挖仓的进土量,量测开挖面水土压力和孔隙水压力以及附近地层沉降,并配合进行了数值模拟和极限平衡计算分析。研究发现:开挖面有效土压力随开挖体积损失的增加而降低,达到极限值后保持不变;维持开挖面稳定的必要支护压力与可以容许的地层失稳范围有关,开挖面的极限有效土压力与地层的极限失稳范围相对应,是最小的必要支护压力。渗流会使开挖面的极限有效土压力增大,与开挖面-地表之间的水头差大致呈线性关系。渗流会使开挖面前方地层的极限失稳范围增大,但对后方地层极限失稳范围的影响不大;对于开挖面-地表相对水头差较小(小于或等于0.33)的情况,渗流主要起到增大地层沉降量的作用,地层的极限失稳范围只是略有增大;对于相对水头差较大(大于0.33并小于1.00)的情况,渗流主要起到增大地层极限失稳范围的作用,而地层最大沉降量有所减小;对于相对水头差很大(大于或等于1.00)的情况,...