华南前汛期垂直温差与强对流天气发生频率

利用2004-2009年3-6月清远站探空资料,得到垂直方向11种温差,对它们与强对流的相关性进行统计,选出相关性较高的850与700、850与500、400与100 hPa等压面垂直温度(T(850-700)、T(850-500)和T(400-100))进行研究,对其在各区间出现强对流的频率进行统计.结果表明,不同月份强对流日低空温差变化幅度较小,高空温差变化幅度较大;随着低空温差和高空温差的增加,强对流的频率基本上呈增加的趋势;强对流主要集中在T(850-500)＞20℃、T(850-700)＞6℃的区域,T(400-100)为64～66℃、T(850-500)为23～26℃、T(850-700)为8～11℃的区域频率更高;对于大范围强对流天气,T(850-500) ＞24℃或T(850-700)达到10℃时,通常是风雨相伴,大范围强降水为主的可能性极小;T(400-100) ＜60℃时,出现大范围强降水的可能性非常小.     

地温测报质量与信息规则库的关系

对我国现有的气温和0～320cm各个层次的地温进行了比较和综合分析,揭示出了地温的垂直变化规律,阐述了地面气象业务软件参数设置里"规则库"与台站数据质量控制结果的密切关系。在此基础上介绍了自动气象站的观测员和预审员如何及时发现和判定一系列异常数据正误的方法。结果利于帮助有关工作人员了解地温的变化特点和规律,及时分析、判定、发现异常数据。     

Magento在自驾天气服务中的应用

为满足用户对公共气象服务更精细化、个性化的要求,研制了自驾天气服务系统.该系统采用Magento系统作为门户网站,利用JMS完成各服务器之间的通信,使用GMAP API获取路线信息,应用Mysql数据库和NC文件存储库存储服务信息和气象信息.通过SSL安全认证,支付宝,GMAP API和JMS与门户网站集成的方法,完成用户定制自驾天气服务产品的功能.目前,该系统已经进入试运行阶段.试运行状况表明,自驾天气服务系统能够满足公众对气象服务的个性化和差异化要求,有利于气象服务事业的发展.     

基层台站气象信息传输监视业务系统设计与实现

根据地面测报业务改革后基层台站气象信息传输保障需求,按照模块化设计原理,利用FTP远程查询技术、远程数据库嵌套查询技术、桌面字幕显示技术、电脑音响控制技术、电话拨号技术、发送短信技术等多种编程技术,采用C＋＋Builder 60的面向对象编程技巧,开发了基层台站气象信息传输监视业务系统,实现对上行气象信息数据的实时监视。通过业务应用证实,系统运行稳定,能及时对用户进行有效提醒,保障了气象信息传输的可靠性,有效提高工作效率和业务质量。     

广东低温阴雨的低频振荡及环流特征

为了做好广东2—3月低温阴雨的中期与延伸期预报,该文分析了1953—2011年广州低温阴雨年景变化与广东低温阴雨年景变化的关系,并采用小波分析、相关分析等方法探讨了12月—次年4月广州逐日气温的低频振荡及与低温阴雨的关系。结果表明:广州低温阴雨的年景变化与广东年景一致的相同率达94.9%(56/59)。轻度低温阴雨年份,12月—次年4月广州逐日气温主要存在8.0~18.3 d显著周期,而中等及严重年份主要存在10.1~28.4 d及30~89.6 d的振荡。2—3月长低温阴雨主要与18 d以上的周期振荡有关,尤其与45 d以上的季节内振荡强度变化密切相关。利用典型个例的合成分析,建立了长低温阴雨30~64 d季节内振荡的天气概念模型,它们反映了长低温阴雨回暖—降温—开始—维持—结束的大气环流演变特征,其中乌拉尔山—贝加尔湖以西的阻塞高压可作为广东出现长低温阴雨的500 hPa前兆信号。     

华北北部相似形势下的两次雨转暴雪过程对比

利用加密自动站资料、风廓线资料、NCEP／NCAR1°×1°再分析资料和常规观测等气象资料,对2009年10月31日至11月1日和2012年3月17～18日发生在华北北部的2场相似形势的典型雨转暴雪天气过程进行了对比分析。结果表明：2次雨转暴雪天气过程都发生在过渡季节,并伴随雨雪转换,850hPa有明显锋区,锋前有倒槽发展,雨转暴雪出现在850hPa湿正压位涡项负值区（MPV1〈0）、湿斜压位涡项正值区（MPV2〉0）、整层大气可降水量大值区和700hPa的锋生函数脊线的重叠区域。700hPa出现冷平流中心且高度降低,近地层偏东风的有组织增强,850hPa温度≤-4℃,地面温度≤1℃是雨转雪的一个重要特征。     

POSSIBLE IMPACTS OF MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION ON THE SEVERE RAIN-SNOW WEATHER IN CHINA DURING NOVEMBER 2009

Possible relationships between MJO and the severe rain-snow weather in Eastern China during November of 2009 are analyzed and results show that a strong MJO process is one of the strong impact factors.MJO is very active over the Indian Ocean in November 2009.Especially,it maintains 9 days in MJO phase 3,just corresponding to the two strongest rain-snow processes.Composites of MJO events show that when the MJO convective center is located over the Indian Ocean,the probability of rainfall is significantly increased and the temperature is lower than normal in eastern China,which is consistent with the situation in November of 2009.Atmospheric circulation anomalies of mid-and higher-latitudes can be influenced by the tropical MJO convection forcing and this influence could be realized by teleconnection.When the MJO is over the Indian Ocean,it is favorable for the maintenance of a circulation pattern of two ridges versus one trough at mid-and higher-latitudes.Meanwhile,the western Pacific subtropical high is stronger and more westward than normal,and a significant convective belt appears over eastern East Asia.All these circulation anomalies shown in the composite result also appeared in the observations in November 2009,which indicates the general features of relationships between the MJO and the circulation anomalies over the extratropics.Besides the zonal circulation anomalies,the MJO convection can also lead to meridional circulation anomalies.When the MJO convection is located over the Indian Ocean,the western Pacific is dominated by anomalous descending motion,and the eastern East Asia is controlled by strong convergence and ascending motion.Therefore,an anomalous meridional circulation is formed between the tropics and middle latitudes,enhancing the northward transportation of low-level moisture.It is potentially helpful to understanding and even forecasting such kind of rain-snow weather anomalies as that in November 2009 using MJO.     

Experience is not enough: A dynamic explanation of the limited adaptation to extreme weather events in public organizations

This study advances theory articulating the micro-level processes behind public organization adaptation to extreme weather. It tackles a persistent puzzle about the limited adaptation to extreme weather among public organizations: why does adaptation remain deficit after public organizations have experienced repeated extreme weather and some catastrophic consequences? We develop a computational agent-based model that integrates extant theory and data from semi-structured interviews of U.S. public transit agency managers, and use the model to investigate how micro-level cognition and behavior interact with environmental constraints to facilitate or impede the diffusion of adaptation. We articulate in greater detail how experience with influential extreme weather events matters to adaptation, highlighting that such experience is insufficient for adaptation to occur. A key insight is that the potential benefits from both increased risk perception and additional financial resources stemming from disaster- or non-disaster-induced opportunities can be underutilized, absent effective coupling between heightened risk perception and availability of resources that creates windows for adaptation. Using this insight, we further identify managerial and policy interventions with maximum leverage to promote adaptation to extreme weather in public organizations. The experiments show that slowing risk perception decay and synchronizing opportunities with extreme weather occurrences can stimulate adaptation.     

Evaluation of environmental fate and sinks of PCDD/Fs during specific extreme weather events in Taiwan

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that are formed and released unintentionally from anthropogenic sources. The high persistence of PCDD/Fs results in the concentrations of these contaminants in environment decreasing only very slowly. Two transport pathways, air and water, carry PCDD/Fs into all regions of the world. Recently, more frequent extreme weather events, such as storms and floods, have been projected to occur as a result of global warming. Extreme weather events have a documented impact on the remobilization and subsequent bioavailability of POPs. In this study, three specific episodes, namely winter monsoon, southeast biomass burning and tropical cyclone (typhoon) events, which influence the environmental fate and transport of PCDD/Fs in Taiwan, were evaluated based on a climate change scenario. During the winter (northeast) monsoon period, the temperature and relative humidity observed in northern Taiwan decreases sharply. During this time, the quantity of PCDD/Fs adsorbed onto suspended particles, as observed at background sites, was found to increase from 300 ± 127 to 630 ± 115 pg I-TEQ g-TSP⁻¹, which is even higher than that measured in Taipei City (438 ± 80 pg I-TEQ g-TSP⁻¹). Hence, the winter monsoon not only brings cold air but also transports air pollutants and dust over long distances from mainland China to Taiwan. During the 2010 Southeast Asia biomass burning events (2010/3/22–3/28), the level of atmospheric PCDD/Fs were measured in central Taiwan (Mt. Lulin) and in the source region of northern Thailand (Chiang Mai); this revealed that the variations in atmospheric PCDD/F concentrations at these two sites followed a similar pattern. On 25 March 2010, the atmospheric PCDD/F concentration increased dramatically from 1.43 to 6.09 fg I-TEQ m⁻³ at Mt. Lulin and from 7.64 to 12.1 fg I-TEQ m⁻³ in northern Thailand. However, the atmospheric PCDD/F concentration decreased dramatically 1 day after the biomass burning event. Based on the measurements from a dated sediment core collected at a reservoir in northern Taiwan, the sharp increases in input fluxes of PCDD/Fs and mineral-derived elements levels in 1990 (20 ng I-TEQ m⁻² year⁻¹), 2001 (17 ng I-TEQ m⁻² year⁻¹), 2004 (16 ng I-TEQ m⁻² year⁻¹) and 2005 (15 ng I-TEQ m⁻² year⁻¹) seem to be a result of a deep turbid layer formed upstream due to landslides and/or mud flows during the typhoon season. This finding demonstrates the effect of typhoon events on the long-term remobilization of PCDD/Fs as well as supporting the hypothesis that such events would have the potential to remobilize pollutants that have been deposited previously.     

Fundamentals about the flow of geomagnetically induced currents in a power system applicable to estimating space weather risks and designing remedies

Geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) in technological systems, like electric power transmission grids, at the Earth's surface are caused by space weather processes, whose origin is in the Sun. In power systems, transformers may be saturated due to GIC leading to different problems extending from an increase of harmonics to a blackout of the system and damage of transformers. To design reasonable measures against impending problems, GIC magnitudes in the network should be estimated in different circumstances. This paper tackles basic features of GIC flow in a fictitious five-transformer/four-line power system, which is simple enough to make the equations easily manageable but complex enough to yield real and usable information. It is shown that the direction of the geoelectric field affects GIC at different sites but the dependence is not straightforward since GIC produced in one part of the system flows to others. Generally, transmission lines experience much larger GIC than transformers. Series capacitors in transmission lines prevent the flow of dc-like GIC but, without a careful analysis, their installation may result in larger GIC at some transformers of the system thus increasing the risk of problems.