河控浅水三角洲前缘席状砂沉积特征及沉积模式探讨--以黄河口凹陷渤中34地区明下段为例

黄河口凹陷渤中34地区明化镇组下段下部河控浅水三角洲前缘席状砂较发育。为进一步认识前缘席状砂体的发育规律,通过岩芯、钻井、生产动态、黏土矿物等分析对席状砂体沉积特征、控制因素及沉积模式进行综合研究。席状砂主要表现为薄层或薄互层特征,根据发育位置可以划分为水下分流河道边部及河道末端席状砂两种类型。基于高分辨率层序地层学原理,以基准面短期旋回为时间区间,将席状砂体的沉积模式划分为三种类型:湖水上升初期的河道弱席状化模式、湖水上升期至最大湖平面时期河道末端面状流增长模式以及最大湖平面时期席状化改造模式。随着基准面的下降,浅水三角洲前缘沉积类型亦从席状砂体向水下分流河道演化。暖湿气候、一定的水体规模及地形坡度条件是前缘席状砂体大面积分布的控制因素。研究成果为进一步加快明下段河控浅水三角洲前缘席状砂的勘探开发提供了依据。     

Investigating the micro mechanics of cemented sand using DEM

The discrete element method has been used to investigate the micro mechanics of cemented sand. High‐pressure drained triaxial tests are modelled in 3D using a flexible membrane that allows the correct deformation to develop. Simulations with up to 12 MPa confining pressure are presented, which are compared with laboratory experiments on a sand with a range of cement contents. Cementation is modelled using ‘parallel bonds’, and various parameters and strength distributions are investigated. Varying levels of cementation are successfully modelled, with the correct qualitative behaviour observed and the separate effects of cementation and confining pressures demonstrated. The triaxial behaviour is found to be highly influenced by the distribution of bond strengths. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

原位激发微生物成矿加固钙质砂的剪切与压缩特性研究

钙质砂广泛分布于热带海岸地区,其抗剪强度较低,在较高应力条件下极易破碎。因此,对以钙质砂为主要原料的地基材料进行加固,是海洋岩土工程领域的研究热点。基于尿素水解过程的碳酸钙成矿技术（MICP）是近年来地基材料加固领域的一项新技术。目前广泛使用的生物强化法实现MICP存在成本昂贵及环境适应性差等问题,制约了其大规模工程应用。研究采用原位生物激发MICP法对钙质砂进行加固,并对加固后试样开展直剪和一维压缩试验。结果表明：原位生物激发MICP方法可以在钙质砂中形成有效胶结,胶结水平最大可达6.26%。采用高浓度胶结溶液或增加注射次数可提高胶结水平。同时,加固后钙质砂的最大应力比、最大剪胀角以及残余内摩擦角均随胶结水平增加而显著增大,但竖向应力水平增大会抑制这些力学指标的增大。随胶结水平升高,试样压缩性显著减小;压缩后的原位激发MICP加固钙质砂中,细颗粒与粗颗粒的比例均随胶结水平的增加而增大。     

大豆脲酶促沉碳酸钙改良砂土地基承载特性模型试验研究：基于静力触探试验

大豆脲酶促沉碳酸钙（SUICP）是一种新型土体改良技术,碳酸钙充填土内孔隙、胶结土颗粒,必将提高地基承载力。为了定量研究SUICP 灌浆对砂土地基承载力的提高作用,开展了内径38.5 cm、高度100 cm的砂柱模型试验,碳酸钙沉积量为砂土质量的3%,基于静力触探试验对地基承载特性改良效果进行了研究。发现砂土地基SUICP 灌浆处理前的锥尖阻力平均值为0.564 MPa,处理后平均值为0.783 MPa,增加38.9%;侧壁摩阻力处理前平均值为19.08 kPa,处理后平均值为26.92 kPa,增加49.83%;砂土地基承载力处理前平均值为79.02 kPa,处理后平均值为108.64 kPa,增加了45.09%。SUICP灌浆提高地基承载特性的原因包括两个方面,一是碳酸钙将砂土颗粒黏结在一起使得颗粒变大,二是碳酸钙的填充作用使得土体更加密实。通过本研究证实了SUICP灌浆对砂土地基承载力的提高作用,解释了发生机理。研究中也发现砂土地基改良的均匀性并不理想,还要进一步探索其发生机理,并研发更好的灌浆技术提高均匀性。     

北京地区沙尘天气监测预报预警业务系统

在北京地区沙尘天气发生、发展的天气学分析研究和沙尘数值模式预报研究以及卫星遥感监测沙尘等方法的应用基础上 ,对相关的研究成果进行应用开发、集成 ,形成一套完整的业务系统。该系统由沙尘天气历史数据库、沙尘天气动态监测、沙尘天气概念模型、沙尘数值预报和沙尘天气预警 5个子模块组成。在近两年的北京市沙尘天气预报服务中 ,本系统得到充分的应用 ,提高了沙尘天气预报服务的效率 ,在实际业务中发挥了重要作用 ,可应用于气象业务部门及相关部门。     

2003年山西沙尘天气气候特征初步分析

本文通过1970年至2000年山西省扬沙和沙尘暴发生日数的统计分析，总结出山西省沙尘天气的时空特征，并对比近几年沙尘天气的情况，从环流特征和气候背景人手，分析2003年沙尘天气偏少的原因。     

Characteristics and sedimentary processes of lamina-controlled sand-particle imbricate structure in deposits on Lingshan Island,Qingdao, China

Imbricate structure is a common sedimentary structure and is well developed in sandy sediments.Here,we report a laminacontrolled fine-sand-particle imbricate structure in a set of very fine grained sedimentary rocks(fine sandstone,siltstone,and mudstone)at the Dockyard and Qianceng Cliff areas of Lingshan Island,Qingdao,Shandong,China.Sets of up to 300 laminae are found in stratigraphic profiles in these areas.The laminae are generally less than 1 mm thick,with most being 0.3–0.4 mm thick and the thinnest being0.1 mm.The dip angle of the imbricate structure varies widely,between 0°and 90°,with an average dip angle of about 40°–50°,which is higher than that of imbricate riverbed gravels(about 34°).The dip angle is a function of the shape and sorting of the particles,as well as the hydrodynamic conditions under which these fine-grained sediments were deposited.Several profiles show well-developed multiscale,soft-sediment deformation structures.Flute casts,load casts,and groove casts are also common.Fragments of carbon remains occur widely and commonly constitute stringers several millimeters thick and up to 10 cm long,together with fine clasts.Vitrain lenticles are also common.Based on the imbricate structure of the Lingshan Island deposits,it is shown that in addition to paleocurrent analysis,the imbricate structure can be used to infer information about fluid properties,transport characteristics,and sedimentary processes of the depositional environment.A near-bottom underflow,either of authigenic origin or derived from cold river water in winter in a delta interdistributary bay or delta-front environment,is inferred to have provided the hydrodynamic setting in which this imbricate structure formed.The imbricate structure,together with other sedimentary structures and features,shows that the sedimentary rocks on Lingshan Island were deposited in an inland,shallow-water environment,such as a delta,and not in a deep-water or submarine continental-slope environment.     

Mechanism of Liquefaction Response in Sand–Silt Dynamic Centrifuge Tests

The process of dynamically induced liquefaction in two centrifuge soil models is analyzed. These models consist of saturated medium-dense sand overlain by a low permeability silt deposit, and represent prototypes of a level site and an embankment. The recorded lateral accelerations are employed to evaluate shear stress and strain histories at different elevations within the tested soil systems. These histories shed light on the involved liquefaction process, and the associated mechanisms of: (1) lateral deformation; (2) stiffness and strength degradation; and (3) possible densification and regain of stiffness, thereafter. The identified response patterns are found comparable to those documented by laboratory cyclic-loading tests.     

Holocene evolution of a rock‐bounded barrier‐lagoon system,Cíes Islands,northwest Iberia

Coastal geomorphology results from the combined effects of contemporary dynamics, sea‐level rise and the inherited geological framework, yet the relative importance of these driving mechanisms may change throughout the evolutionary history of coastal deposits. In this contribution, we analyse the depositional history of the Cíes Islands barrier‐lagoon system, based on lithofacies, radiocarbon ages, and pollen analysis. Our results reveal a sedimentary sequence that provides evidence for striking changes in the dynamical functioning of this complex since the mid‐Holocene. The sedimentary sequence commenced about 7700 cal years bp by fresh‐water ponding of an upland depression located about 4 m below present mean sea‐level. Fresh‐water ponds were infilled by aeolian sediments following a gradual lowering of the water‐table 4000 cal years bp . Post‐3600 cal years bp sea‐level rise allowed water oscillations to reach the elevation of the bedrock causing the inundation of fresh‐water ponds and subsequent lagoonal and marine sedimentation. Subsequently, landward and upward migration of a sand‐barrier led to overwash and deposition of sand in the newly formed lagoon. The resultant sedimentary sequence suggests that climatic conditions played an important role controlling the sedimentation regime during the entire history of the basin; changing water‐table levels during early stages of evolution and increasing storminess during more recent times. In addition, background sea‐level rise related to the Holocene transgression was a key factor in controlling the evolution of the system, yet its influence depended to an extent on the relative elevation of the bedrock topography. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.