Discontinuous behaviour near excavations in a bedded salt formation

Summary Discontinuous behaviour is being observed and measured in the vicinity of excavations constructed in a bedded salt formation 650 m below ground surface for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Facility. The 2 m thick salt layer in the immediate roof acts as a beam, shearing along a thin overlying anhydrite/clay seam. Vertical separations between the immediate roof layer and the overlying strata are often observed at the anhydrite/clay seam above the centre of excavations of larger span (11 m). The floor of the excavations is comprised of a 1 m thick salt layer underlain by a 1 m thick predominately anhydrite layer (referred to as MB139). Fractures in MB139 develop beneath most excavations, with increased fracture frequency with drift span and age. In the excavations of larger span (11 m), MB139 eventually debonds along the underlying clay layer. The salt layer overlying MB139 develops both shear and tension failure. In a few locations below excavations of large span, continuous fracture systems are developing from rib to rib through MB139 and the overlying salt. In the ribs, there is limited fracturing within the first metre of most larger excavations. Vertical fractures develop in pillars at most intersections. The discontinuous behaviour is qualitatively consistent with analyses of the formation behaving as a layered medium (elastic beam analysis) and limited tensile and compressive failure of the rock salt. The significance of the discontinuous behaviour is that it can dominate the effective fluid transport properties of the formation near the excavation, and therefore requires consideration in the design of repository seals. Discontinuous behaviour must be monitored and is an important factor in the maintenance programme designed to assure a safe underground environment.     

叶县盐田探采结合井钻井工艺

针对叶县盐田的地质条件，上部无岩心钻进，采用大钻压、低转速、高泵压、大泵量喷射钻井的快速钻进技术；下部取心钻进，采用小钻压、高转速、低泵压、小泵量的取心钻进技术。采用防塌淡水泥浆与饱和盐水泥浆分别治理取得了较好的技术效果。     

An aerosol climatology of Samoa

An atmospheric monitoring station is operated at Cape Matatula, American Samoa, by the Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic Change program under the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. A nearly continuous record of condensation nucleus (CN) concentration and multiwavelength aerosol scattering extinction coefficient (_sp) is available from mid-1977 to the present. This report presents the 1977–1983 data. The long-term mean of CN concentration is 274 cm^-3 the long-term mean of _sp (550 nm) is 1.54×10^-5, and no significant long-term, annual, or diurnal trend is apparent in either data record.     

Rapid entrenchment of stream profiles in the salt caves of Mount Sedom,Israel

Rock salt is approximately 1000 times more soluble than limestone and thus displays high rates of geomorphic evolution. Cave stream channel profiles and downcutting rates were studied in the Mount Sedom salt diapir, Dead Sea rift valley, Israel. Although the area is very arid (mean annual rainfall ≈ 50 mm), the diapir contains extensive karst systems of Holocene age. In the standard cave profile a vertical shaft at the upstream end diverts water from a surface channel in anhydrite or clastic cap rocks into the subsurface route in the salt. Mass balance calculations in a sample cave passage yielded downcutting rates of 0–2 mm s^?1 during peak flood conditions, or about eight orders of magnitude higher than reported rates in any limestone cave streams. However, in the arid climate of Mount Sedom floods have a low recurrence interval with the consequence that long-term mean downcutting rates are lower: an average rate of 8·8 mm a^?1 was measured for the period 1986–1991 in the same sample passage. Quite independently, long-term mean rates of 6·2mm a^?1 are deduced from ¹⁴C ages of driftwood found in upper levels of 12 cave passages. These are at least three orders of magnitude higher than rates established for limestone caves. Salt cave passages develop in two main stages: (1) an early stage characterized by high downcutting rates into the rock salt bed, and steep passage gradients; (2) a mature stage characterized by lower downcutting rates, with establishment of a subhorizontal stream bed armoured with alluvial detritus. In this mature stage downcutting rates are controlled by the uplift rate of the Mount Sedom diapir and changes of the level of the Dead Sea. Passages may also aggrade. These fast-developing salt stream channels may serve as full-scale models for slower developing systems such as limestone canyons.     

全球旋回地层学

全球旋回地层学是指在对全球沉积岩进行综合系统研究之基础上，通过估算沉积盆地中源于物源区的沉积物类型和沉积环境条件变化，来预测地层学特征的一种过程一结果模型。其研究内容包括对全球地质演化时期全球海平面变化、全球气候条件、全球构造运动、全球古地理背景、全球沉积环境特征、全球古生物事件及全球矿产形成过程进行动态模拟，强调古气候在地质记录中的意义，注重沉积记录的全球同时性研究；强调各种事件在沉积作用中的意     

论文化景观的特性

文化景观是人类活动的产物，文化景观研究是文化地理学的主要研究领域之一，而作为文化景观研究的重要组成部分的文化景观特性研究无疑将推动这一领域研究的进一步发展。运用比较分析方法，根据文化景观的定义，探讨文化景观具有时代性、继承性、叠加性、区域性、民族性等五大特性，并对这些特性进行科学的界定和详细的阐述，展示出这五大特性之间所存在的矛盾统一关系和其内在的紧密联系，进一步说明这些特性的实际意义和利用价值。     

Laboratory simulation of the salt weathering of schist: II. Fragmentation of fine schist particles

Recent developments in long term landform evolution modelling have created a new demand for quantitative salt weathering data, and in particular data describing the size distribution of the weathered rock fragments. To enable future development of rock breakdown models for use in landscape evolution and soil production models, laboratory work was undertaken to extend existing schist/salt weathering fragmentation studies to include an examination of the breakdown of sub‐millimetre quartz chlorite schist particles in a seasonally wet tropical climate. Laser particle sizing was used to assess the impact of different experimental procedures on the resulting particle size distribution. The results reveal that salt weathering under a range of realistic simulated tropical wet season conditions produces a significant degree of schist particle breakdown. The fragmentation of the schist is characterized by splitting of the larger fragments into mid‐sized product with finer material produced, possibly from the breakdown of mid‐sized fragments when weathering is more advanced. Salinity, the salt addition method and temperature were all found to affect weathering rates. Subtle differences in mineralogy also produce variations in weathering patterns and rates. It is also shown that an increase in drying temperature leads to accelerated weathering rates, however, the geometry of the fracture process is not significantly affected. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

泥河湾层的研究现状和展望

泥河湾层是我国北方著名的第四纪河湖相地层,它以巨厚的沉积、丰富的哺乳动物化石和人类遗存为世人所瞩目.经过几代人近80年的努力,泥河湾层在地层学、古生物学、沉积学、古地理学和古人类学等方面的研究上都取得了丰硕的成果,被誉为我国研究程度最高的第四纪地层之一.近年来,随着第四纪学科的发展和全球变化研究的深入,加大泥河湾层研究力度,提高"泥河湾层”研究水平的呼声日趋高涨.预计在新的世纪,泥河湾层研究将成为我国第四纪工作的热点,它将对第四纪科学和全球变化研究做出重大的贡献.     

石家庄市地下水盐污染的分布及污染机理

石家庄市地下水盐污染研究具有典型示范性。文中在地下水污染特征分析基础上 ,对盐污染的区域空间展布及其形成条件、盐污染的化学机制和地下水开采的影响进行了研究。结果表明 ,盐污染对石家庄市地下水水质有重要影响。其中NO-3 污染和硬度升高是构成该区地下水环境污染的主要因素 ,二者之间存在着密切的内在联系 ,阳离子交换作用和硝化作用是其重要机制 ;地下水超采是地下水盐污染的重要诱发因素。     

新疆盐湖卤水成分及其成因

根据野外考察和室内研究资料，论述了新疆盐湖的概况，卤水主要和次要成分，盐湖的水化学类型。探讨了盐湖卤水化学成分的来源和集散特点。