台湾海峡夏季与冬季的水体及热盐通量观测

利用在台湾海峡附近的下放式声学多普勒流速剖面仪(Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler,LADCP)观测资料和温盐观测资料,通过对连续站的两个季节观测进行正压和斜压潮流分析从而去除潮流得到准定常流,并在此基础上计算了南海和东海之间通过台湾海峡输运的水体及热盐通量。结果表明:台湾海峡大部分海域是半日潮海区(正规半日潮及不正规半日潮海区),半日潮主要分量为太阴半日分潮M2;台湾海峡的水体输运及热盐通量呈现明显的季节变化:夏季台湾海峡内表现为一支东北流向的海流,即台湾海峡暖流,存在3.3 Sv(1Sv=106 m3/s)的东北向水体输运,冬季东北季风较强,西南方向的海流加强,混合层可达到底部,存在1.8 Sv的东北向水体输运。与此对应的热盐通量分别为:夏季热通量为0.34×1015 W,盐通量为118.6×109 g/s;冬季热通量为0.14×1015 W,盐通量为72.9×109 g/s。该结果对台湾海峡通量的研究给出了一个直接观测的准确值,并为相关的数值研究提供了参考。     

物源分析方法的综合运用 ——以苏北盆地高邮凹陷泰一段地层为例

目前高邮凹陷深层勘探以寻找岩性油气藏为主,准确预测岩性体储层是寻找油气藏的关键,而对岩性体做出准确的预测,需要对沉积时期的物源做出准确的判断。利用重矿物法、碎屑岩类分析法、沉积法对高邮凹陷的物源进行了分析。重矿物的相关性分析及R型聚类分析表明本区存在南北两大物源;碎屑岩类分析法表明本区物源来自再旋回造山带,砾岩和岩屑的分析表明本区也存在南北两大物源;沉积法表明本区除了南北两大物源外,还存在一个来自盆地西部菱塘低凸起的次级物源。结果表明：高邮凹陷泰一段沉积时期,存在3个方向的物源,分别来自凹陷南部的通扬隆起、北部的建湖隆起、西部的菱塘低凸起,物源对凹陷的贡献的大小也如上隆起顺序依次递减。     

天然高压矿物研究的新进展及其在地幔矿物学中的意义

对地表陨石坑岩石和陨石的冲击变质效应的研究, 是以往发现天然高压矿物的主要途径。α-PbO2 超斯石英、(Na,K,Ca)AlSi3O8-锰钡矿以及磷灰石高压同质多像变体等是几个近期在陨石中发现的天然高压相,这些高压相很可能存在于地幔之中。天然高压矿物的发现对地幔矿物学研究和发展起了推动作用。     

东濮凹陷膏盐岩对烃源岩成烃演化的控制作用及其石油地质意义

东濮凹陷北部盐湖相膏盐岩极其发育,膏盐岩对烃源岩性质及生烃特征的影响研究薄弱。采用地质与地球化学相结合途径,探讨了含膏盐岩层系烃源岩特性及其成烃演化规律。结果表明,盐区与无盐区烃源岩的特性有很大差异,北部盐湖相含盐区深灰色、褐色等暗色页岩有机质丰度一般大于15%,有机质类型以Ⅱ1型和Ⅰ型为主,是区内主要的优质烃源岩;南部淡水湖相无盐区主要发育有利生气的Ⅱ—Ⅲ型干酪根,反映东濮凹陷烃源岩的质量及生烃潜能与膏盐岩的发育密切相关。观察到膏盐岩影响烃源岩的成烃演化进程,当膏盐层厚度为50 m时,生油窗的范围显著增加;随着盐岩厚度(>50 m)的增加,湿气窗的范围也逐渐增加;当膏盐岩厚度约400 m时,生油窗范围开始减小,湿气窗的范围仍有增加趋势。膏盐岩对烃源岩“生油气窗”的影响是基于其较高的热导率属性,通过影响地温场而实现。以地质解剖为依据,建立了文留地区含膏盐岩层系烃源岩成烃演化模式。东濮凹陷含膏盐岩层系烃源岩的演化特征对该凹陷及同类含膏盐岩盆地油气勘探具有重要指示意义。     

中国(天青石)锶矿床概述

中国 (天青石 )锶矿资源丰富 ,矿床以大型、特大型单一 (天青石 )锶矿为主 ,构成我国目前主要的工业锶源。依据成矿作用和成矿地质特征 ,将我国 (天青石 )锶矿床划分为沉积型、岩浆 热液型、沉积 热卤水改造型和表生淋积型等四大类七个亚类。主要产于印支、燕山、喜马拉雅三个旋回之中 ,不同类型矿床分别与一定的大地构造环境、沉积岩相、岩浆岩、热液及热卤水等作用有关。中国四川东南部、柴达木盆地东北部、苏南、鄂东南、云南云龙 -维西一带、陕西黄龙铺及四川攀西等 7个地区具有良好的找矿前景     

The chemical composition including the Rare Earth Elements of the three major glass types of Europe and the Orient used in late antiquity and the Middle Ages

Sets of 20 soda ash glasses, 16 soda lime glasses and 23 wood ash glasses mainly from excavations in Europe (additional soda ash glasses from Egypt) were analysed on 61 chemical elements. Average SiO₂ is about 62% in soda glasses and 50% in wood ash glasses. The three groups of glasses contain on average 13% Na₂O, 18% Na₂O and 13% K₂O as fluxes to lower the melting temperature of quartz at their production. The starting materials beside quartz were halophytic plant ash for soda ash glass, trona (Na₃H(CO₃)₂·2H₂O) and lime (clamshells) for soda lime glass and beech ash for wood ash glass. Each of the three major glass types contains specific Rare Earth Element (REE) concentrations mainly contained in quartz and its intergrown minerals. 50 Paleozoic and Mesozoic sandstones from Central Europe represent the quartz composition. The REE pattern of these glasses apparently indicates major compositional stages of the Continental Earth's Crust. The boron to lithium and sodium to potassium ratios as in seawater suggest reactions of materials for soda glass with seawater. Negative Ce anomalies in the three glasses are caused by reactions of quartz with seawater.     

腾格里沙漠地区盐湖资源调查遥感应用研究

通过对腾格里沙漠地区遥感影像信息分析与野外实地调查,圈定出大小盐湖122个,查明了盐湖的空间分布规律,划分了图兰泰湖-头道湖、白碱湖-西硝池、苏武山湖-汤家海、鸡龙同古-和屯、通古楼诺尔-巴彦达来五个盐湖分布区,对各分布区盐湖的成因类型、沉积特征、成矿规律及资源状况进行了研究,为进一步勘查、开发和利用本区资源提供了依据。     

丹霞山世界地质公园蜂窝状洞穴特征及成因分析

蜂窝状洞穴以其精致的形貌和众说纷纭的成因吸引着科研人员和普通大众的兴趣。丹霞山世界地质公园蜂窝状洞穴主要产于晚白垩世丹霞组二段(锦石岩段)风成砂岩的崖壁上。本文以园区长老峰锦石岩寺和睡美人禄意堂两处蜂窝状洞穴为研究对象,通过野外实地调查,了解洞穴生长环境,定量统计分析其形态特征,并采集砂岩样品进行显微镜下观察,探讨洞穴形成与盐风化作用的关系。研究表明:蜂窝状洞穴所在的岩性主要为中—细粒长石岩屑砂岩,发育大型高角度交错层理,渗透性较好;洞穴开口均向下朝向锦江,有利于来自锦江河流的湿润水汽较长时间地保持在小洞内部;洞穴开口基本服从泰森多边形分布。因此,碎屑颗粒相对比较均匀的风成砂岩为丹霞山蜂窝状洞穴的发育提供了重要的岩石基础,锦江河流为盐风化提供了必要的湿润水汽和盐分。在初始发育阶段,从岩壁上最适合盐风化作用的若干个点开始形成细小的坑洼,逐步向同层位扩张。单个小洞穴由于盐风化作用,洞穴内部风化速率大于洞穴开口边缘,导致蜂窝状洞穴内部空间扩大较快。然后,蜂窝状洞穴的发育突破纹层的限制,逐步加大、变深而呈泰森多边形规则分布。最终,随着洞穴加深,在重力、风力的影响下,蜂窝状洞穴隔壁减薄失稳,洞穴消亡。     

Glacial dispersal studies using indicator minerals and till geochemistry around two eastern Finland kimberlites

Diamondiferous kimberlites occur in eastern Finland, in the areas of Kaavi–Kuopio and Kuhmo. Active diamond exploration has been ongoing in the country for over two decades, but the Karelian craton still remains under explored given its size and potential. In order to develop techniques that can be applied to diamond exploration in glaciated terrains, the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) carried out a detailed heavy mineral and geochemical survey of Quaternary till in 2001–2003 around two of the known kimberlitic bodies in Finland, Pipe 7 in Kaavi and Dyke 16 in Kuhmo. The mineralogical and geochemical signatures of these two kimberlites were studied in the basal till deposited down-ice from the targets. The kimberlites were selected to represent two different types in terms of shape, size, age and petrology, as well as showing contrasting country rocks and Quaternary deposits. Till samples up to 60 kg in weight were taken by excavator and by drill rig. Kimberlitic indicator mineral grains (0.25–1.0 mm) were concentrated using a GTK modified 3″Knelson Concentrator. Fine fractions (< 0.063 mm) of selected samples were analyzed by XRF and ICP-MS. The indicator grains down-ice from Pipe 7 form a well-defined fan in the basal till that can be followed for at least 2 km with a maximum concentration at 1.2 km distance from the pipe. Another kimberlitic body discovered during the study 300 m down-ice from Pipe 7 demonstrates that there are in fact at least two superimposed indicator fans. The results do not rule out the possibility of even more undiscovered kimberlitic sources in the area. In contrast, the indicator dispersal trail from Dyke 16 is shorter (1 km) and less well-defined than that at Kaavi, mainly due to the lower indicator content in the kimberlite itself and subsequently in till, as well as a large population of background chromites in till. The latter population is likely having been derived from the Archean Näätäniemi serpentinite massif and the associated ultramafic metavolcanics of the Kuhmo greenstone belt, located ca. 30 km up-ice from the sampling area. The indicator maximum at Seitaperä dyke swarm occurs immediately down-ice from the kimberlite, after which the concentration drops rapidly. Results of this study contribute to the overall understanding of the Quaternary history of the Kaavi and Kuhmo areas, and more importantly, provide key information to diamond exploration in these particular regions and also elsewhere in glaciated terrains.     

Palaeoclimate indicators (clay minerals,calcareous nannofossils,stable isotopes) compared from two successions in the late Jurassic of the Volga Basin (SE Russia)

A study of clay mineral and calcareous nannofossil abundances in late Jurassic–early Cretaceous sediments from the Volga Basin, SE Russia, is presented. From these results, we are able to compare some general patterns of mineralogical and palaeontological change for the Volga Basin to the palaeoclimate models developed for northern Europe and beyond. The two successions examined comprise calcareous mudstones with black organic‐rich shale horizons, overlain by a series of phosphatic silty sands. Clay mineralogical results show a progressive decrease in kaolinite and the concomitant increase of smectite and illite through the middle Volgian, followed by an abrupt increase in kaolinite in the late Volgian. The clay mineral evidence suggests increasing aridity at the end of the Jurassic, similar, in part, to many western European successions. Because of differential settling of clay minerals, superimposed upon this possible climatic signature is likely to be the effect of relative sea‐level change. Calcareous nannofossil analysis from a single section reveals a shift through the middle Volgian from low nutrient, warm water assemblages dominated by Watznaueria to cooler surface water and high nutrient assemblages dominated by Biscutum constans. These observations suggest that increased aridity is also associated with climatic cooling. Black shales are associated with increased productivity, higher sea levels and increases in smectite content. Hence, periods of low (chemical) hinterland weathering during semi‐arid conditions are paradoxically associated with relatively nutrient‐rich waters, and organic‐rich shales. Comparison of published carbon and oxygen stable isotope results from this and other sections to the clay mineral and nannofossil data confirms the palaeoclimatic interpretation. This study significantly improves the published biostratigraphically constrained clay mineral database for this time period, because other European and North American successions are either non‐marine (and thus poorly dated), absent (through penecontemporaneous erosion) or condensed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.