北太平洋经向翻转环流和热盐输送研究综述

北太平洋经向翻转环流是北太平洋所有经向翻转环流圈的总称,目前它拥有五个环流圈,即副热带环流圈(the subtropical cell,STC)、热带环流圈(the tropical cell,TC)、副极地环流圈(the subpolar cell,SPC)、深层热带环流圈(the deep tropical cell,DTC)和温跃层环流圈(the thermohaline cell,THC)。这些环流圈是北太平洋经向物质和能量交换的重要通道,它们的变化对海洋上层热盐结构和气候变化皆有重要影响。迄今,人们已对STC、TC和DTC的结构形态、变化特征与机理开展了广泛而深入的研究,并对STC的极向热输送特征也做了一些初步分析。但应指出的是,关于SPC和THC的研究仍较少,迄今尚不清楚这两个环流圈的三维结构和变异机理;而且,对北太平洋经向翻转环流的热盐输送研究尚处于起步阶段,目前对各环流圈的热盐输送特征、变化规律和变异机理仍知之甚少,这些科学问题亟待深入研究。     

中国盐湖科学技术研究的若干进展与展望

我国拥有得天独厚的盐湖资源,分布于北半球盐湖带欧亚盐湖亚带东部,主要分布在现代降水量500mm/a的范围内。本文对中国盐湖科学技术60年来取得的若干进展进行初步梳理。1.在盐湖沉积与古气候、古环境研究方面:提出了各种盐类矿物的古气候转换指标。柴达木西部-塔里木东部氯化物型-硫酸盐型沉积区为我国第四纪以来干旱成盐中心,历经了6次以上的向外干旱(成盐)扩张期;提出青藏高原第四纪晚期存在5次泛湖高湖面;2.在盐湖成矿与成盐成钾理论研究方面:首编青藏高原湖泊水化学分带图(1/250万),揭示了青藏高原盐湖水化学类型由南往北、由碳酸盐-氯化物型分布规律及其相应成盐成矿专属性;发现几个大型陆相钾盐矿床,提出了高山深盆成盐模式、链式多级中浅盐湖成矿模式、多级湖盆深盆成盐模式、砂砾型含钾卤水成矿模式以及"隔代承袭成钾"等新认识,建立和发展了"陆相成钾"理论认识;发现青海大柴旦湖钠硼解石-柱硼镁石矿床、西藏扎仓茶卡柱硼镁石-库水硼镁石矿床、聂尔错库水硼镁石矿床等新类型镁硼酸盐(锂)矿床,进而提出冷冻稀释成硼理论新认识。3.自主研发出的"反浮选冷结晶工艺"生产氯化钾自控系统,使察尔汗盐湖钾盐达到300万吨/年KCl产量,形成了名牌钾肥产品。成功研发了罗布泊120万吨/年硫酸钾成套技术,建成世界最大的硫酸钾生产装置,2015年产量达160万吨,以上为我国钾肥生产作出了重大贡献。在自主研发的"冬储卤-冷冻-日晒-分离-盐梯度太阳池积热沉锂"创新技术支撑下,在西藏高原海拔4421米的扎布耶盐湖建成了世界海拔最高的锂盐产业,也是我国首条年产5000吨碳酸锂的盐湖提锂基地。4.根据盐水域发育大面积杜氏藻等嗜盐菌藻、盐沼带和盐碱地繁衍多种盐生植物的盐境生态特点,提出"盐湖农业"("盐土农业")农业新概念,发展盐境绿色产业提供新的理念和技术支持。最后,为今后盐类科学发展方向,提出了深绿科技与产业研发方向,随着盐类科学技术的发展,将会促进新的边缘交叉学科盐类学(Salinology)的发展和日臻完善。     

A review of Australian salt lakes and associated mineral systems

This study reviews the available information for over 1200 Australian salt lakes including in areas that have little or unreliable data. Publicly available groundwater hydrogeochemical datasets for the Australian arid zone are particularly sparse, inconsistent and of variable quality. Many datasets in the vicinity of salt lakes only report salinity or total dissolved solids, with no data for constituent cations and anions, and no appreciation of the hydrological and geomorphic evolution of the lakes. To overcome these limitations and to provide a broad-scale context, we developed mineral systems models to assess the potential of Australian salt lakes for potash, lithium and boron deposits. These models show that an important control on the potential of salt lake systems to form economic deposits of potash, lithium or boron is hydrogeological connectivity between leachable source rocks and the lakes. The assessment of the mineral potential was carried out in two stages. The first stage selection was based on the presence of favourable source rocks in the salt lakes’ catchments. The mean values of concentration in each catchment were derived from whole rock, sediment and groundwater geochemical datasets by averaging the values in samples (separately for each of the three datasets) located in the catchment and assigning this value to the catchment's salt lakes. The second stage selection was carried out by analysing available chemical data of groundwater in proximity to the salt lake systems delineated in the first stage. As a result, six regions were identified as having the highest potential, for potash in particular, but also for lithium and/or boron deposits. These are: the Lake Frome/Central Gawler Region of South Australia; two regions in the Northern Territory: the central western region extending into Western Australia, and the Lake Woods region; and, in Western Australia, the Lake Disappointment region, the north east Yilgarn and south east Yilgarn regions.     

一株耐受高浓度硫酸镁单细胞绿藻的分类学鉴定及单盐胁迫对其生长的影响

在75g/L浓度的硫酸镁溶液中发现了一株生长良好的单细胞绿藻。为了解这株特殊微藻的系统进化学分类地位和潜在利用价值,本文结合了分子系统学方法和形态特征,并测定其不同盐环境下的光合效率,以探讨其对于硫酸镁盐的耐受机理。结果表明,基于该藻株18S及ITS r DNA序列构建的系统进化树确认其隶属于胶球藻属。该株藻细胞为椭圆形、具有较小的长宽比、色素体多为分叶的2瓣和无明显胶被等特征与胶球形胶球藻较接近,系统发育分析显示其与伪胶球藻株系和与地衣Peltigerales共生株系亲缘关系较近。对该藻不同培养条件下的耐受特征做出初步探索,结果表明其对硫酸镁有着独特的单盐抗性,并可以耐受蒸馏水环境。这些特性表明该藻株有良好的抗杂藻污染特性,具有潜在应用前景。     

Modélisation du bilan hydrologique de la partie sud de la Mer d'Aral entre 1993 et 2001 / Hydrological balance modelling of the southern Aral Sea between 1993 and 2001

Abstract

Since the beginning of the 1990s, the Aral Sea is made of two separate entities: the Small Aral in the north and the Great Aral in the south. In this study, the water and salt balance of the Great Aral is analysed using newly available data: on the one hand, altimetric data of the sea level provided by the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite; and on the other, climate data provided by the ECMWF and NOAA within the framework of global climate re-analysis. These data indicate that the Great Aral received a mean groundwater inflow of about 4 km³ year^-1 between 1993 and 2001. Without this contribution, the Aral Sea would disappear even faster than is being observed today. Moreover, the temporal resolution of the data shows a systematic phase difference between the model prediction and satellite measurements. This phase shift is considered to be due to the formation of temporary lakes between the last station measuring the Amu-Darya discharge and its mouth in the Great Aral.     

A hydrologic assessment of a saline‐spring fen in the Athabasca oil sands region,Alberta, Canada – a potential analogue for oil sands reclamation

Canada's post‐mined oil sands will have a higher concentration of salts compared with freshwater peatlands that dominate the landscape. While rare, naturally occurring saline wetlands do exist in Alberta's Boreal Plains and may function as analogues for reclamation, however, little is known about their hydrology. This paper investigates the geochemical and hydrologic characteristics of a natural saline‐spring peatland in Alberta's oil sands region. The fen is located within a saline groundwater discharge area connected to the erosional edge of the Grand Rapids Formation. Na⁺ (195–25,680 mgl^?1) and Cl^? (1785–56,249 mg l^?1) were the dominant salts, and the fen transitioned sharply to freshwater along its margins because in part of subsurface mineral ridges that restricted shallow groundwater exchange. Salinity decreased from hypersaline to brackish along the local groundwater flow path but no active spring outlets were observed over the two‐year study. Vertical groundwater discharge was minimal because of the very low permeability of the underlying sediments. Subsurface storage was exceeded during periods of high flow, resulting in flooding and surface runoff that was enhanced by the ephemerally connected pond network. These findings have implications for reclamation, as mechanisms such as subsurface mineral ridges may function as effective saline groundwater‐control structures in the post‐mined environment. Incorporating saline wetlands into regional monitoring networks will help to better quantify natural discharge, which has implications for belowground wastewater storage related to in situ bitumen extraction. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Comparative Study of the Use of Organoclay‐Based Formulations and Organic Amendment to Reduce the Leaching of the Herbicide MCPA in Soil

MCPA (4‐chloro‐2‐methylphenoxyacetic acid) is an acidic herbicide widely used on olive crops in Spain. Due to its anionic form at natural soil pH, there is high risk of leaching and groundwater contamination by the use of this herbicide. The aim of this work was to study the effects of organoclay‐based formulations of MCPA and olive oil waste amendment on MCPA leaching in a sandy loam soil. For this purpose, batch adsorption and column leaching studies were performed. The organoclays used to prepare the clay‐based formulations of MCPA were obtained by treating Wyoming montmorillonite (SWy‐2) and Arizona montmorillonite (SAz‐1) with an amount of hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA) cation equal to 100% of the CEC of the montmorillonites. The organic residue used in this study was a solid waste from olive oil production (olive oil waste, OOW). The soil was amended with the organic residue at the rate of 10% (w/w). Batch release and column leaching studies indicated that organoclay‐based formulations of MCPA reduced the release rate and the leaching of the herbicide as compared to the use of a conventional formulation containing the herbicide in an immediately available form. The increase in soil organic matter of the soil upon amendment with the organic residue also resulted in greater adsorption and reduced leaching of MCPA in the soil. Accordingly, both the use of organoclay‐based formulations and the amendment of soil with OOW are proposed as efficient strategies to reduce extensive leaching losses associated with the application of MCPA in high‐risk scenarios, such as Mediterranean olive groves.     

Relationship between salt diapirism and faulting in the central structural belt of the Dongying sag, Bohai Gulf basin, China

1 Introduction D iapiric structures are an im portant andw idespread structural style in m any tectonic settings(Ism ail-Zadeh etal.,2001),including m agm a diapirs,salt diapirs, m ud diapirs, and serpentinite diapirs.C om pared w ith the form ertw o,m ud diapirism in sedi-m ents is rarely reported and studied although it hasbeen know n for a long tim e both on land and underthe sea.H ow ever,w ith the geologicalinvestigations ofO D P and related on-land studies of accretionaryprism s, m ud…     

红层软岩崩解性路用控制方法研究

采用灰色关联度分析法对红层软岩的矿物成分、化学成分、崩解试验等数据进行了分析。分析表明, 水理特性不稳定的粘土矿物始终是影响软岩崩解的主要因素之一, 而不同的化学成分对红层软岩崩解性的影响程度不同。通过以纯水、MgCl2, FeCl3, NaCl, CaCl2盐溶液作为红层软岩岩块浸泡液的崩解试验, 说明纯水浸泡下软岩的崩解性最强, 而所选3种盐溶液对所选红层软岩样品的崩解性均有抑制作用, 其中又以CaCl2抑制作用最强。在此基础上提出公路施工中填筑前以浇水作为加快红层软岩崩解, 填筑压实中以掺入石灰作为抑制软岩崩解路用控制方法。     

水土化学场理论在松嫩平原盐渍土研究中的应用

根据水土环境中盐渍成分时空分异的区域化特征,提出盐渍水土化学场理论,建立变异函数模型定量化模拟其空间分异,求得变异函数后,通过克立格插值定量化预测某种盐渍水土环境特征的空间分布。利用在松嫩平原盐渍化试验小区的实测数据进行验证,可为盐渍水土环境的定量化研究提供理论依据。