青藏高原盐湖资源特点概述

青藏高原是我国重要的盐湖资源分布区,区域内盐湖资源主要分布在柴达木盐地和羌塘高原,具集中带状分布、资源储量巨大和共生特色资源三大特点。柴达木盆地盐湖总体上以富含钾、镁、硼、锂、钠为特点,称为钾镁盐湖;羌塘高原盐湖以贫钾,富含硼、锂、铯等为特点,称为特种盐湖。     

渤海海域莱州湾凹陷KL11 2地区盐构造特征

本文主要利用最新的钻井和三维地震资料对渤海海域莱州湾凹陷盐构造几何形态、形成演化及其控制机理进行分析。莱州湾凹陷沙河街组四段含有较厚的岩盐和膏盐层,并在KL112地区发生聚集隆起,形成典型的盐底辟（盐枕）构造。KL112地区盐构造外部形态在不同地区发生了明显变化,从南向北,逐渐由过成熟底辟向成熟底辟和盐枕变化,南部的盐构造已进入底辟后演化阶段,而北部的盐构造仍处于盐枕阶段。受盐体塑性流动影响,盐构造周缘还发育有盐撤凹陷和阶状反向断层等盐相关构造。KL112地区盐构造的形成主要受伸展作用、重力滑动、浮力、沉积差异负载、基底构造以及郯庐断裂带的走滑作用等因素影响,主控因素为伸展作用背景下的重力滑动作用,但郯庐断裂带的走滑作用对盐体的塑性流动及其最终定位也有重要的影响。     

Leaching of rock-concrete interfaces

Summary  It has been shown that contacts between host rock and engineered barriers may be critical in the design of deep radioactive waste repositories. Water is expected to reach the interface zone after the resaturation of the geological massive and its presence may lead to concrete leaching. Such a phenomenon could increase the interface transmissivity and compromise the confinement of radioactive waste. This paper intends to investigate the influence of concrete leaching on the hydromechanical behaviour of host rock-concrete interfaces. Some concrete specimens have been subjected to an accelerated leaching process using ammonium nitrate. The hydromechanical response of degraded concrete-rock interfaces has been studied under shearing and compared to that of sound interfaces. Consistent with the results available in the literature on bulk concrete, a loss of mechanical strength has been observed for the degraded interface. Unlike the sound specimens, the degraded interfaces do not dilate when sheared and they tend to be closed, thereby preventing water from flowing. Correspondence: O. Buzzi, Centre for Geotechnical and Materials Modelling, School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, 2308 Callaghan NSW, Australia     

基础底板注浆防渗技术研究及应用

部分采用片筏基础的建筑,当其地下室基础底板处于地下水水位以下时,由于勘察、设计、施工或其他诸如自然灾害等因素导致基础底板发生渗水现象[1].经过认真分析研究及工程应用,针对此种工程事故提出了一种创新施工方法,即采用两次注浆防渗技术进行整治,效果较好.并提供一个工程实例以供参考.     

Numerical Modelling of Dissolving and Driving Exploitation of Potash Salt in the Qarhan Playa ? A Coupled Model of Reactive Solute Transport and Chemical Equilibrium in a Multi-component Underground Brine System

Firstly, the macroscopic chemical equilibrium state of a series of chemical reactions between intercrystal brine and its media salt layer （salt deposit） in Qarhan Salt Lake was studied by using the Pitzer theory. The concept of macroscopic solubility product and its relation with accumulated ore dissolving ratio were presented, which are used in the numerical model of dissolving and driving exploitation of potassium salt in Qarhan Salt Lake. And secondly, with a model forming idea of transport model for reacting solutes in the multi-component fresh groundwater system in porous media being a reference, a two-dimensional transport model coupled with a series of chemical reactions in a multi-component brine porous system （salt deposits） was developed by using the Pitzer theory. Meanwhile, the model was applied to model potassium/magnesium transport in Qarhan Salt Lake in order to study the transfer law of solid and liquid phases in the dissolving and driving process and to design the optimal injection/abstraction strategy for dissolving and capturing maximum Potassium/ Magnesium in the mining of salt deposits in Qarhan Salt Lake.     

微生物氧化脱砷浸取金的方法

选用了耐砷能力强、具有分解硫化矿能力的氧化亚铁硫杆菌1s、1号和马兰3种菌株作为实验用菌,对DBF矿样做氧化浸出实验,就其氧化过程中砷含量、pH变化和金的最佳浸出条件均做了详细的研究。给出细菌氧化金矿过程随时间变化的规律及金的最佳浸出条件。     

Effects of poor quality irrigation waters on the nutrient leaching and groundwater quality from sandy soil

Sodium (Na⁺) in poor quality irrigation water participate in ion-exchange processes results in the displacement of base cations into solution and a raised concentration in groundwater. Knowledge of the rate of decrease of nutrients from soils resulting from poor water quality application is essential for long-term planning of crop production while minimizing the impact on groundwater quality. In this study, we examined the effect of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of irrigation water on nutrients leaching and groundwater quality in columns of sandy soil. Three types of irrigation waters at three NaCl–CaCl₂ solutions with the following levels of SAR (5, 15, and 30) were synthesized in laboratory. With the application of solutions, exchange occurred between solution Na⁺ and exchangeable cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺), resulting in the displacement of these cations and anions into solution. Increasing the level of SAR from 5 to 15 and 30 resulted in increase in the average exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of the soil from 10.4 to 20.3, and 32.5, respectively. Adverse effect of high Na⁺ concentration in the solutions on raising ESP was less pronounced in solution having low SAR. Leaching of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, and P from soil with the application of solutions represents a significant loss of valuable nutrients. This sandy soil showed the high risk for nutrients transfer into groundwater in concentrations exceeding the groundwater quality standard. Irrigation with poor quality water, which is generally more sodic and saline than regional groundwater, increases the rate of sodification and salinization of shallow groundwater.     

原油似甲基二苯并噻吩含量与沉积环境及次生变化的关系

如果把芳烃TIC(总离子色谱图)上所有芳烃峰的峰面积之和作分母,以m/z198质量色谱图上三个甲基二苯并噻吩异构体峰面积之和作分子,计算出来的比值本文称为似甲基二苯并噻吩含量。它既是甲基二苯并噻吩化合物在原油中的丰度参数,也是苯并噻吩类化合物总和的含量参数。根据对中国含油气盆地112个原油样品中似甲基二苯并噻吩含量统计发现,当原油无TSR作用时,海相原油的似甲基二苯并噻吩含量要大于陆相原油;陆相原油中,盐湖相原油的似甲基二苯并噻吩含量又大于淡水湖相。当有TSR经历时,无论是海相或陆相原油,其似甲基二苯并噻吩含量都急剧增加,而且与伴生天然气中H2S的含量呈正相关。分析数据也表明,虽然原油的生物降解也可以使似甲基二苯并噻吩含量增加,但与TSR和烃源岩的沉积环境相比,生物降解的贡献可能并不大。似甲基二苯并噻吩含量可以作为沉积环境、TSR和原油的生物降解研究的地球化学参数。     

浪花和飞沫水滴在海面大风边界层中的垂直传输

对我们在南海海域建立的大气边界层观测站的资料进行分析表明,在冷涌和热带气旋（包括强台风）过境的大风期间,在边界层底层10 min平均的水平风速u基本不随高度而变,甚至大都伴随有明显的上升气流w。而且风场脉动中含有强相干性的阵风扰动（ v _g,频率位于1/60~1/600 Hz频段）,以及近于随机性的高频湍流脉动（ v _t,频率大于1/60 Hz）,它们的特性以及w都可以很好地用水平风速u来参数化表示。取实测的（u,w）和脉动 v '= v _g+ v _t,或取实测的u与参数化的 v _g、 v _t和w,应用拉格朗日随机模式作数值模拟,结果表明:由破头浪发射出来的浪花和飞沫水滴（半径r_p为10~500 μm）有相当大的一部分可以飞离大气底层而进入100 m高以上的大气中,继而对进入大气中的海盐气溶胶通量有重要贡献,不可以被忽略。在水滴的垂直传输过程中,阵风扰动起了极重要的作用,而在w>0且较显著时w更起重要作用。我们对上扬率（可上升至100 m以上高度的水滴数与由海面发射出的水滴数之比）作出了初步的参数化公式,有很高的精度,主要的参量是无量纲量u2/（r_qg）,其中r_p和g分别是水滴半径和重力加速度。     

基于稳定氢氧同位素的盐水与纯水蒸发差异分析

水面蒸发是水循环的重要部分,目前大量的研究集中在淡水或低盐度咸水体蒸发,仅以淡水的蒸发特性或计算方法应用于全部水体并不准确。研究盐水蒸发与淡水蒸发的差异对蒸发过程机理研究、推动蒸发模型的创新改进至关重要。研究中使用蒸发皿对比盐水与纯水的蒸发过程,利用稳定氢氧同位素比较盐水与纯水蒸发的动力学分馏过程,结果表明：盐水蒸发量较纯水少,但仍存在蒸发日内变化规律,蒸发速率与气温变化规律同步,并在正午前后达日最大值;随着蒸发的进行,重同位素在液相富集,盐度对于H/D分馏有更显著的抑制作用;盐水与纯水的蒸发线拟合均有良好的线性关系,盐分使水体蒸发受到更强的非平衡分馏影响;热红外拍摄液面观测到蒸发过程中盐水液面温度始终高于纯水0.1~2.2℃,平均温差达1℃,这是因为盐水蒸发量较纯水小,更少的热量通过潜热释放;Craig & Gordon模型计算蒸发水汽同位素特征值,表明随着蒸发的进行,蒸发水汽组分重同位素也在不断富集,但程度不如剩余水体,检验盐水与纯水蒸发水汽氢氧同位素拟合方程却无明显差异,与前述结论相悖,说明该方程在小尺度上的应用还有待研究。