基于正交试验设计的层状盐岩地下储库群多因素优化研究

目前国内正在大规模兴建盐岩地下储库群,其规划设计阶段可优化因素较多,且各因素影响程度不同,选取椭球形腔体几何分布形式、矿柱宽度和夹层位置3个主要因素进行了综合优化研究,旨在分析3个因素的敏感性影响程度,并确立储库群最优形式。对3个因素分别设立3个水平,运用正交试验设计原理,确立了9组试验方案,进行了相关数值模拟试验。评价层状盐岩地下储库群时选用经改进的位移、应力试验指标,基于试验结果运用正交试验法中的极差分析和方差分析对3个因素进行详细分析。结果表明,3个因素中夹层位置影响最显著,矿柱宽度居次,椭球形腔体几何分布形式影响最弱;最优储库群形式为邻腔夹角60°的分布形式、2.0D矿柱宽度、夹层分布在腔体上部1/4H（H为腔体高度）位置。     

Rock‐protecting seaweed? Experimental evidence of bioprotection in the intertidal zone

Biogeomorphological processes are an important component of dynamic intertidal systems. On rocky shores, the direct contribution of microorganisms, plants and animals to weathering and erosion is well known. There is also increasing evidence that organisms can alter rock breakdown indirectly, by moderating temperature and moisture regimes at the rock–air interface. These influences have been purported to represent mechanisms of bioprotection, by buffering microclimatic fluctuations associated with weathering processes such as wetting and drying and salt crystallization. However, virtually nothing has been done to test whether microclimatic buffering translates to differences in actual rock breakdown rates. Here we report a preliminary laboratory experiment to assess how an artificial canopy (chosen to represent seaweed) affects mechanical rock breakdown. Using a simplified and accelerated thermal regime based on field data from a rocky shore platform in southern England, UK, we find that breakdown (mineral debris release) of mudstone covered with a canopy is reduced by as much as 79% relative to bare rock after around 100 thermal cycles. Reduction in rock surface hardness (measured using an Equotip device) was also greater for bare rock (17%) compared to covered rock (10%) over this period. Measurements of salt crystal formation indicate that the mechanism driving these differences was a reduction in the frequency of crystallization events, via moisture retention and shading of the rock surface. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

江汉盆地新沟油田新沟嘴组盐韵律多级划分及其地质意义

江汉盆地为中国东部典型的中、新生代盐湖盆地,近些年在新沟油田古近系新沟嘴组发现致密油藏,储集层主要为与盐韵律相关的白云岩和粉砂岩层。为了探究盐韵律的发育特征及其意义,作者以岩心精细观察为基础,结合测录井、分析化验资料,根据盐矿物种类、剖面结构和厚度,对新沟嘴组盐韵律发育规模进行了不同级别的划分,对各级韵律的剖面特征进行了描述,并对其形成机理进行了分析。在此基础上,从古气候及油气2个角度探讨了盐韵律的地质意义。盐韵律的形成是湖平面上升-下降不断变化的直接响应。新沟嘴组盐韵律中广泛发育广温相盐类矿物白云石、方解石,指示江汉盆地古近系新沟嘴期的气候特征为古温度介于寒冷和炎热之间的过渡型半干旱-干旱气候;一个完整的盐韵律可以形成一个生储盖组合,对油气生成、储集和保存具有重要意义。     

混合盐碱胁迫对紫花苜蓿苗期氮磷吸收及生理特性的影响

以“甘农3号”紫花苜蓿为试验材料,采用营养液沙培试验,用两种中性盐(NaCl和Na₂SO₄)及两种碱性盐(NaHCO₃和Na₂CO₃), 配成5种混合盐A(NaCl:Na₂SO₄=1:1)、B(NaCl:NaHCO₃=1:1)、C(NaCl:Na₂SO₄:NaHCO₃:Na₂CO₃=1:1:1:1)、D(Na₂SO₄:Na₂CO₃=1:1)、E(NaHCO₃:Na₂CO₃=1:1),设4个盐浓度(25、50、100、150 mmol·L^-1)模拟盐胁迫,研究混合盐碱胁迫对紫花苜蓿苗期氮、磷吸收及生理特性的影响。结果表明:随着盐浓度增加,苜蓿根瘤固氮酶活性和植株全氮含量下降,全磷含量无明显变化,而脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均升高,同一盐浓度水平下各处理间其含量的升高顺序为E>D>C>B>A,在高胁迫强度下(150 mmol·L^-1) 除全磷含量外,各项指标增减均达显著水平。混合盐碱胁迫能够对紫花苜蓿根瘤固氮酶组分结构造成不可逆的破坏,使苜蓿自身固氮能力的下降,最终导致植株全氮含量下降。随着盐浓度的上升,植株可以通过提高其体内脯氨酸和可溶性糖的含量来维持细胞水势,减少细胞渗透胁迫对植物的伤害。     

不同吸湿性的气溶胶对云和降水影响研究进展

气溶胶、云、降水相互关系是现今大气科学的前沿领域。本文总体概括了气溶胶作为云凝结核和冰核,对云宏微观物理特性及降水的影响原理研究的主要成果。并根据气溶胶自身化学性质的吸湿性,从吸湿性气溶胶和非吸湿性气溶胶两方面,重点探讨了模拟研究中,硫酸盐、海盐、沙尘、黑碳气溶胶对于云和降水的影响,以及各类气溶胶与其它类型气溶胶相比,作用于云降水的不同方式。提出之前研究工作的不足,以期为今后该方向的研究提供一些思路。      

封闭式输卤渠盐湖卤水输送应用性研究

分析卤水品质,阐明实现最小盐田投资,高品位卤水的运用是核心,封闭式输卤渠的使用是关键。封闭式输卤渠采用,使低品位卤水开发成为可能。     

表层覆盐对新疆巴里坤盐湖土壤呼吸特征的影响

本文以新疆巴里坤盐湖周边硫酸钠型盐渍土壤为研究对象,通过土柱异位培养的方法,使用开路式土壤碳通量测量系统Li-8100,研究了不同覆盐量（CK、1倍覆盐、2倍覆盐、3倍覆盐和4倍覆盐处理）对土壤呼吸特征的影响。结果表明：(1) 土壤呼吸日变化呈单峰曲线,其峰值表现出随覆盐量增加而增加的趋势;4倍覆盐处理下土壤呼吸速率的峰值出现时间（15: 00）比其他处理（17: 00）有所提前;凌晨0: 00-6: 00,部分土壤呼吸速率呈现负值。(2) 覆盐后土壤CO2日排放量随时间呈先增加后降低的趋势,与气温变化一致;培养期间土壤CO2日均排放量表现出随覆盐量增加而增加的趋势,4倍覆盐处理下土壤CO2日均排放量显著高于CK处理（P<0.05）。(3) 土壤温度敏感系数Q10表现出随覆盐量增加而增加的趋势。综上可见,覆盐处理显著影响了盐湖周边盐渍化土壤CO2排放通量、特征和土壤温度敏感性,因此,在研究气候变暖对盐渍化土壤呼吸影响时,不仅要考虑增温对土壤呼吸的直接影响,也要考虑土壤盐层厚度与土壤温度敏感性的变化。     

Influence of Reinforcement Mesh Configuration for Improvement of Concrete Durability

Steel bar in concrete structures under harsh environmental conditions, such as chlorine corrosion, seriously affects its service life. Bidirectional electromigration rehabilitation (BIEM) is a new method of repair technology for reinforced concrete structures in such chloride corrosion environments. By applying the BIEM, chloride ions can be removed from the concrete and the migrating corrosion inhibit can be moved to the steel surface. In conventional engineering, the concrete structure is often configured with a multi-layer steel mesh. However, the effect of the BIEM in such structures has not yet been investigated. In this paper, the relevant simulation test is carried out to study the migration law of chloride ions and the migrating corrosion inhibitor in a concrete specimen with complex steel mesh under different energizing modes. The results show that the efficiency of the BIEM increases 50% in both the monolayer steel mesh and the double-layer steel mesh. By using the single-sided BIEM, 87% of the chloride ions are removed from the steel surface. The different step modes can affect the chloride ion removal. The chloride ions within the range of the reinforcement protective cover are easier to be removed than those in the concrete between the two layers of steel mesh. However, the amount of migrating corrosion inhibitor is larger in the latter circumstances.     

Cementation of sand due to salt precipitation in drying process

Salt in soil can cause cementation effect and increase the shear strength and stiffness of soil during the drying process. In this paper, an experimental study is presented to explore the strength, stiffness, and particle level structure of a salt-cemented sand at the dry state. Unconfined compression tests were carried out on sands with various amounts of precipitated dry salt. Scanning electron microscopic and elemental analysis were also conducted. The study shows that the strength and stiffness of sand can increase significantly with salt content. The strength versus salt content curve displays a convex shape, instead of a concave shape as found in cemented or biocemented sands. This implies that the effect of dry salt on soil strength is strong at low levels of salt content. The microscopic and elemental analysis evidences that salt tends to precipitate at particle contacts and form bridges between particles at relatively low salt content. The results presented in the paper may explain why even small amount of salt can lead to an overestimation of soil strength.     

Near‐bed shear stress,turbulence production and dissipation in a shallow and narrow tidal channel

Near‐bed, highly resolved velocity profiles were measured in the lower 0.03 m of the water column using acoustic Doppler profiling velocimeters in narrow tidal channels in a salt marsh. The bed shear stress was estimated from the velocity profiles using three methods: the log‐law, Reynolds stress, and shear stress derived from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). Bed shear stresses were largest during ebbing tide, while near‐bed velocities were larger during flooding tide. The Reynolds stress and TKE method gave similar results, while the log‐law method resulted in smaller bed shear stress values during ebbing tide. Shear stresses and turbulent kinetic energy followed a similar trend with the largest peaks during ebbing tide. The maximum turbulent kinetic energy was on the order of 1 × 10^{? 2} m²/s². The fluid shear stress during flooding tide was approximately 30% of the fluid shear stress during ebbing tide. The maximum TKE‐derived shear stress was 0.7 N/m² and 2.7 N/m² during flooding and ebbing tide, respectively, and occurred around 0.02 m above the bed. Turbulence dissipation was estimated using the frequency spectrum and structure function methods. Turbulence dissipation estimates from both methods were maximum near the bed (~0.01 m). Both the structure function and the frequency spectrum methods resulted in maximum dissipation estimates on the order of 4 × 10^{? 3} m²/s³. Turbulence production exceeded turbulence dissipation at every phase of the tide, suggesting that advection and vertical diffusion are not negligible. However, turbulence production and dissipation were within a factor of 2 for 77% of the estimates. The turbulence production and dissipation decreased quickly away from the bed, suggesting that measurements higher in the water column cannot be translated directly to turbulence production and dissipation estimates near the bed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.