核磁共振与水文地质钻探联合技术确定盐湖晶间卤水层富水性

中国西部大型干旱盆地盐湖中,承压卤水含水层因其中所赋存的固--液相钾矿资源储量大而成为主要含矿层。采用地面核磁共振与水文地质钻探相结合的技术方法对柴达木盆地某盐湖进行的承压卤水可采性试验,获取了含水层的相关物理参数,并将其解译为相关的水文地质参数。通过水文地质综合判断,确定了含水率 5. 4% 的富水地段。水文地质钻探验证获取了稳定丰富的涌水量,并使之成为采卤量 1. 5 ×104m3/d、KCl 含量 1. 67% 的工业性开采水源地。结果表明,核磁共振与水文地质钻探联合技术是确定盐湖晶间卤水层富水性的可靠右有效的方法。     

盐湖氯化镁溶雪剂融冰效果的研究

目前融雪剂主要有两大类,第一类是氯盐系,通常指氯化钠、氯化钙、氯化镁、氯化钾等,其融雪效果好,原料易得,价格便宜。第二类是非氯盐有机物系,通常指醋酸钙、醋酸镁、醋酸钾和特殊有机物等为主要成分的融雪剂,这类融雪剂冰点高,融雪效果较差,价格昂贵不易推广,只局限于机场、跑道、桥梁等特殊地段使用。随着各地区对环境保护力度的加大,出现混合型融雪剂,其在上述两类融雪原料中添加缓蚀剂,以减小对道路、设施、植被、土壤的侵蚀。利用盐湖提钾后的尾矿氯化镁(MgCl_2·6H_2O)在110℃~127℃干燥后作为融雪原料,研究不同低温段的融冰效果,与传统融雪剂氯化钠的融冰能力进行对比,得到了理想结果,为尾矿氯化镁开辟了新的利用方向。     

Effects of salt and alkali stress on Reaumuria soongorica germination

Seed germination and early seedling growth are crucial stages for plant establishment. Two neutral (NaCl and Na₂SO₄) and two alkali (NaHCO₃ and Na₂CO₃) salts were selected to investigate their effects on germination and recovery responses in Reaumuria soongorica. Results show that both salt types significantly reduced germination and radicle elongation. The rate of germination and emergence of R. soongorica seeds continuously decreased as salinity increased, and the time to achieve maximum germination rate was delayed. The speed of seed germination dropped rapidly as salt concentration increased. Alkaline salts restricted the germination rate of R. soongorica seeds, and stresses resulting from alkaline salts and high concentrations of neutral salts resulted in many deformed seedlings. The length of the radicle and germ decreased with increasing salt concentration, but certain concentrations of salt and increased pH promoted germ growth. The results of regression analysis show that salt concentration was the dominant factor inhibiting R. soongorica seed germination rate. Salinity, buffering capacity, and pH all affected embryo growth, but salinity had the most pronounced effect. Seed viability under highly saline conditions appears to be a better indicator of adaptation to saline environments than seed germination under saline conditions.     

大规模应用盐湖镁资源的新领域:镁法烟气脱硫

盐湖卤水中镁资源的利用率较低,迫切需要探索大规模利用镁盐的新途径。以氧化镁/氢氧化镁浆作为吸收剂的镁法烟气脱硫技术,具有脱硫效率高、无固体废弃物排放、不易结垢等优点,在国际上已有许多工业应用,有可能成为我国镁盐大规模利用的新领域。介绍了镁法脱硫技术及其应用现状,并对该技术在我国的发展前景进行了阐述。     

南海中南部上层的盐指与湍流混合过程

基于2012年8月12日至9月5日中国南海海洋湍流微结构剖面仪(Turbo Map)观测资料和温盐深剖面仪(CTD)资料,对南海中南部海域上层500m以浅的混合过程进行了分析。南海次表层高温高盐的水团和中层低温低盐的水团构成的垂向温盐环境,利于在该深度范围内盐指的发育。通过盐指与湍流相关参数的计算,评估了盐指在南海上层跨越等密面混合的作用。结果表明南海中部(18°N)相对于南海南部呈现高的温度耗散率(χ)、高的混合效率(Γ)、低湍动能耗散率(ε)及低浮性雷诺数(Rε)等特征,即中部盐指信号明显强于南部。但整体海域仍然呈现出"低Γ;高Rε"的湍流特征,表明盐指对混合的贡献较小,南海中南部的上层混合还是以湍流混合为主导。另外,南海南部的混合强于中部,且呈现出整体水柱均具有较强混合的特征,其原因可能和内潮与南部相对较浅而复杂的地形相互作用有关。     

渤海沿岸海冰单轴压缩强度的基本特性分析

海冰单轴压缩强度是寒区海洋工程中的一个重要设计参数,也是影响海冰动力学行为的主要因素。在2008-2012年间的三个冬季,对渤海沿岸的海冰单轴压缩强度进行了现场与室内试验,由此分析了其在温度、卤水体积和应力率下的基本特征。测试结果表明,海冰单轴压缩强度与其温度呈幂函数关系,与卤水体积平方根呈指数关系,与应力率呈线性关系。此外还分别在不同温度与卤水体积下确定了海冰单轴压缩强度上包络限的变化规律。最后,综合考虑卤水体积和应力率的影响,对海冰单轴压缩强度分布特征进行了分析。以上研究有助于揭示渤海海冰基本力学性质,为冰区结构设计和海冰动力学分析提供参考依据。     

Impact of brine acidification on hatchability,survival and reproduction of Artemia parthenogenetica and Artemia franciscana in salt ponds,Bohai Bay,China

We studied the effect of pH(pH 5, 6, 7 and 8) on the hatching percentage, survival and reproduction of Artemia strains in Bohai Bay salt ponds. Strains included parthenogenetic Artemia from Bohai Bay(BHB), Artemia franciscana from San Francisco Bay, and A. franciscana artifi cially produced in salt ponds in Vietnam. The latter was included as a potential inoculum for biological management of salt ponds. The hatching percentage of cysts after 24 h and the survival rate of the tested Artemia strains were signifi cantly reduced when exposed to a culture medium at pH 5 for 18 d( P 0.05). The tolerance of Artemia to 48 h acid exposure varied with developmental stage, increasing in the following order: juvenile, nauplii, pre-adult, with maximum tolerance in adults. All strains of Artemia tested could not reproduce at pH 5. At pH levels from pH 6–8, a higher pH generally resulted in a shorter brood interval and enhanced ovoviviparity. Hence, we suggest that brine acidifi cation has a negative impact on Artemia populations in the Bohai Bay saltworks. Inoculation of Artemia with either local parthenogenetic Artemia or exotic A. franciscana should be feasible at pH 7–8.     

铝基材料裂解盐湖卤水分离镁锂的热力学研究

中国盐湖锂资源非常丰富,但由于镁锂比高、镁锂性质相似而使得二者难以分离,锂资源开发利用成本较高。本文采用组贡献法对LiCl·2Al(OH)3·2H2O的标准生成吉布斯自由能进行了估算,在热力学计算的基础上绘制了298.15K时Li+-Al3+-Cl--H2O体系和Li+-Mg2+-Al3+-Cl--H2O系的电位-pH(φ-pH)图。计算结果表明,通过调控体系的pH,可使溶液中的Li+与Al形成沉淀而Mg2+仍留在溶液中,从而实现溶液中的镁锂分离。在理论计算的基础上进行了镁锂分离的验证实验,实验结果与热力学计算结果基本吻合,镁锂分离效果良好。     

柴达木盆地那棱格勒河流域表层沉积物微量元素组成及其对流域内锂的物源制约意义

柴达木盆地那棱格勒河流域是我国目前最大的盐湖型锂矿区和工业设施最为完备的卤水锂工业基地,长期以来关于其尾闾盐湖区锂的物源问题备受关注。尽管目前的众多研究已经对流域内地表水体及尾闾区盐湖中锂的物源有了较为一致的看法,但盆地周缘围岩风化过程在其中起到的作用仍缺乏系统性认识。基于部分保守性微量元素在物源示踪研究中的重要作用,本文通过对流域内河流表层沉积物中的REEY、Li、Sc、Co、Nb、Ta、Th等微量元素开展其地球化学行为方面的分析,讨论了沉积物的物源属性特征及其中锂的来源特征,为深入认识盐湖区游离态锂资源的物源提供了新的证据。结果表明,那棱格勒河流域与毗邻的东、西对比区河流沉积物有着相似的化学风化背景和基岩类型,源岩具有显著的长英质岩和基性岩的二元混合特征,且基性源岩所占比重更大;而沉积物中的锂除尾闾盐湖区明显受到富锂孔隙水体夹带的影响外,其它地区锂的来源特征与沉积物的物源特征相同,表明地表迁移过程对介质中锂的通量影响较弱,沉积物中的锂更多的是以赋存在相关矿物结构中的形式存在;研究区来自源岩风化作用提供的游离态锂的量较为有限,尾闾盐湖中的锂资源主要以昆仑山深大断裂带涌出的热泉水的长年补给为主。     

Simulation and consequences of successive anthropogenic activity in the Agua Amarga coastal aquifer (southeast Spain)

Abstract

The Agua Amarga coastal aquifer has been the object of a succession of anthropogenic interventions over the last 90 years: (a) the operation of saltworks from 1925 to 1975; (b) the withdrawal, since 2003, of groundwater from the aquifer along the coast line; and (c) the programme of pouring seawater over the salt marsh, carried out since 2009, to recover the piezometric levels and the soil moisture conditions. For a better understanding of how these past and present human activities have affected the natural groundwater regime, and to validate certain hypotheses concerning the interpretation of experimental data on temperature depth profiles and piezometric and salinity changes, a numerical fluid flow and solute transport model was designed and applied to the period 1925–2010, using SEAWAT. This model reproduces, in a qualitative and quantitative way, the flow and transport processes that operated during this time, as well as the behaviour of the seawater wedge.

Citation Alhama Manteca, I., 2013. Simulation and consequences of successive anthropogenic activity in the Agua Amarga coastal aquifer (southeast Spain). Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (5), 1072–1087.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis