Spatial and temporal variations in minibasin geometry and evolution in salt tectonic provinces: Lower Congo Basin,offshore Angola

In passive margin salt basins, the distinct kinematic domains of thin‐skinned extension, translation and contraction exert important controls on minibasin evolution. However, the relationship between various salt minibasin geometries and kinematic domain evolution is not clear. In this study, we use a semi‐regional 3D seismic reflection dataset from the Lower Congo Basin, offshore Angola, to investigate the evolution of a network of minibasins and intervening salt walls during thin‐skinned, gravity‐driven salt flow. Widespread thin‐skinned extension occurred during the Cenomanian to Coniacian, accommodated by numerous distributed normal faults that are typically 5–10 km long and spaced 1–4 km across strike within the supra‐salt cover. Subsequently, during the Santonian–Paleocene, multiple, 10–25 km long, 5–7 km wide depocentres progressively grew and linked along strike to form elongate minibasins separated by salt walls of comparable lengths. Simultaneous with the development of the minibasins, thin‐skinned contractional deformation occurred in the southwestern downslope part of the study area, forming folds and thrusts that are up to 20 km long and have a wavelength of 2–4 km. The elongate minibasins evolved into turtle structures during the Eocene to Oligocene. From the Miocene onwards, contraction of the supra‐salt cover caused squeezing and uplift of the salt walls, further confining the minibasin depocentres. We find kinematic domains of extension, translation and contraction control the minibasin initiation and subsequent evolution. However, we also observe variations in minibasin geometries associated with along‐strike growth and linkage of depocentres. Neighbouring minibasins may have different subsidence rates and maturity leading to marked variations in their geometry. Additionally, migration of the contractional domain upslope and multiple phases of thin‐skinned salt tectonics further complicates the spatial variations in minibasin geometry and evolution. This study suggests that minibasin growth is more variable and complex than existing domain‐controlled models would suggest.     

Quantitative retrieval of soil salt content based on measured spectral data

Choosing the Minqin Oasis, located downstream of the Shiyang River in Northwest China, as the study area, we used field-measured hyperspectral data and laboratory-measured soil salt content data to analyze the characteristics of saline soil spectral reflectance and its transformation in the area, and elucidated the relations between the soil spectral reflectance, reflectance transformation, and soil salt content. In addition, we screened sensitive wavebands. Then, a multiple linear regression model was established to predict the soil salt content based on the measured spectral data, and the accuracy of the model was verified using field-measured salinity data. The results showed that the overall shapes of the spectral curves of soils with different degrees of salinity were consistent, and the reflectance in visible and near-infrared bands for salinized soil was higher than that for non-salinized soil. After differential transformation, the correlation coefficient between the spectral reflectance and soil salt content was obviously improved. The first-order differential transformation model based on the logarithm of the reciprocal of saline soil spectral reflectance produced the highest accuracy and stability in the bands at 462 and 636 nm; the determination coefficient was 0.603, and the root mean square error was 5.407. Thus, the proposed model provides a good reference for the quantitative extraction and monitoring of regional soil salinization.     

砀山县周寨地区地球物理场特征及盐矿找矿前景分析

根据研究区区域地质背景,对砀山县黄口地区重力场、航磁场及电法异常特征进行了深入研究,分析了区内水化学特征,依据其附近钻井勘探成果及成矿地质条件,并综合邻区盐类矿产分布特征,认为砀山县黄口坳陷周寨凹陷盐类矿产的成矿地质条件优越,具有良好的找矿前景。     

浅谈卤（盐）井技术割管施工技术

通过卤(盐)井的维修施工,消除各种井内故障,恢复生产能力,使卤(盐)井达到设计开采量,同时也能最大程度利用地下宝贵的资源。技术割管在卤(盐)井可将悬挂在溶腔内的技术管按设计要求割断,并掉入溶腔,从而实现卤(盐)井的第二梯度开采;对对接井而言,则可排除溶腔内堆积的沉淀物对直井的不利影响,实现斜井进水直井出卤开采方式,最大程度地满足正常的卤(盐)开采运行模式。我单位经多年的工程实践,已形成了较合理有效的卤(盐)井维修施工工艺,现介绍卤(盐)井割管维修施工中一些关键工艺和施工经验。     

Saddle-Dolomite-Bearing Fracture Fillings and Records of Hot Brine Activity in the Jialingjiang Formation, Libixia Section, Hechuan Area of Chongqing City

Most vein minerals deposited in fractures of the Jialingjiang Formation from Libixia section,Hechan area include a large amount of saddle dolomite and accompanying celestite,calcite and fluorite.This study analyzed the nature,source,evolution of the fluids by plane-light petrography,fluid-inclusion methods,cathodoluminescence images,and stable isotopic compositions.The homogenization temperatures of two-phase aqueous fluid inclusions in dolomite range between100 and 270℃.Combined with theδ~(18)O data,it is suggested that the fluid responsible for the precipitation of fracture fillings haveδ~(18)O values between 10‰and 18‰(relative to SMOW).The saddle dolomite and the accompanying minerals were the result of activity of dense brines at elevated temperatures.Moreover,analysis shows that the fluid was derived from a mixture of marine-derived brine and deeper circulating flow.This fluid was enriched in Sr during diagenesis and formed celestite in fracture and for regional mineralization.Dissolution of saddle dolomite was attributed to the cooling of Mg/Ca-decreased fluids,which may relate to a leaching of gypsum to celestite in surrounding carbonates.     

陕北盐盆奥陶系马家沟组五段蒸发岩沉积环境与作用——来自石盐流体包裹体的证据

陕北盐盆地因发育全球罕见的奥陶系马家沟组五段含盐地层受到广泛关注。文章运用X射线粉晶衍射矿物组分半定量分析、流体包裹体的均一温度、拉曼光谱、扫描电镜能谱和包裹体氢同位素分析等多种手段,对陕北米脂县境内两口钻井奥陶系马家沟组石盐岩进行了分析和测试。流体包裹体均一温度测试结果表明,石盐岩中原生单一液相包裹体、次生正方形单一液相包裹体的均一温度平均值分别为27.9℃、30.6℃,峰值均为25~30℃,次生与原生的流体包裹体的形成环境基本一致。在重结晶程度高的层段,石盐岩流体包裹体的δD值和石盐岩K+含量的变化趋势相反,结合该时期内含盐层段宏观地质特征以及钾石盐颗粒常呈圆粒状赋存在石盐晶间裂缝等微观证据,笔者认为研究区石盐岩沉积时因外来水体频繁侵入导致原生石盐岩发生溶解和重结晶,降低了形成大规模钾盐矿床的概率。     

青藏高原盐湖资源特点概述

青藏高原是我国重要的盐湖资源分布区,区域内盐湖资源主要分布在柴达木盐地和羌塘高原,具集中带状分布、资源储量巨大和共生特色资源三大特点。柴达木盆地盐湖总体上以富含钾、镁、硼、锂、钠为特点,称为钾镁盐湖;羌塘高原盐湖以贫钾,富含硼、锂、铯等为特点,称为特种盐湖。     

渤海海域莱州湾凹陷KL11 2地区盐构造特征

本文主要利用最新的钻井和三维地震资料对渤海海域莱州湾凹陷盐构造几何形态、形成演化及其控制机理进行分析。莱州湾凹陷沙河街组四段含有较厚的岩盐和膏盐层,并在KL112地区发生聚集隆起,形成典型的盐底辟（盐枕）构造。KL112地区盐构造外部形态在不同地区发生了明显变化,从南向北,逐渐由过成熟底辟向成熟底辟和盐枕变化,南部的盐构造已进入底辟后演化阶段,而北部的盐构造仍处于盐枕阶段。受盐体塑性流动影响,盐构造周缘还发育有盐撤凹陷和阶状反向断层等盐相关构造。KL112地区盐构造的形成主要受伸展作用、重力滑动、浮力、沉积差异负载、基底构造以及郯庐断裂带的走滑作用等因素影响,主控因素为伸展作用背景下的重力滑动作用,但郯庐断裂带的走滑作用对盐体的塑性流动及其最终定位也有重要的影响。     

基础底板注浆防渗技术研究及应用

部分采用片筏基础的建筑,当其地下室基础底板处于地下水水位以下时,由于勘察、设计、施工或其他诸如自然灾害等因素导致基础底板发生渗水现象[1].经过认真分析研究及工程应用,针对此种工程事故提出了一种创新施工方法,即采用两次注浆防渗技术进行整治,效果较好.并提供一个工程实例以供参考.     

Numerical Modelling of Dissolving and Driving Exploitation of Potash Salt in the Qarhan Playa ? A Coupled Model of Reactive Solute Transport and Chemical Equilibrium in a Multi-component Underground Brine System

Firstly, the macroscopic chemical equilibrium state of a series of chemical reactions between intercrystal brine and its media salt layer （salt deposit） in Qarhan Salt Lake was studied by using the Pitzer theory. The concept of macroscopic solubility product and its relation with accumulated ore dissolving ratio were presented, which are used in the numerical model of dissolving and driving exploitation of potassium salt in Qarhan Salt Lake. And secondly, with a model forming idea of transport model for reacting solutes in the multi-component fresh groundwater system in porous media being a reference, a two-dimensional transport model coupled with a series of chemical reactions in a multi-component brine porous system （salt deposits） was developed by using the Pitzer theory. Meanwhile, the model was applied to model potassium/magnesium transport in Qarhan Salt Lake in order to study the transfer law of solid and liquid phases in the dissolving and driving process and to design the optimal injection/abstraction strategy for dissolving and capturing maximum Potassium/ Magnesium in the mining of salt deposits in Qarhan Salt Lake.