灰色关联度分析在水文地质中的应用——以山东省济宁长沟水源地为例

山东济宁长沟水源地裂隙喀斯特含水系统受孔隙水和地表水影响,运用灰色关联度,对裂隙喀斯特水和孔隙水、裂隙喀斯特水和地表水之间分别进行水位和水化学组分关联性比较分析,确认孔隙水与喀斯特水的关系比地表水与喀斯特水的关系密切。沿运河一带运河水补给孔隙水,运河以南孔隙水与裂隙喀斯特水互为补排关系,而运河水与裂隙喀斯特水无直接水力联系。     

Effects of salinity,temperature, and light intensity on the growth rates of two halophilic phytoflagellates in mixed culture

Growth rates of two halophilic phytoflagellates, Dunaliella euchlora Lerche and D. salina Teodoresco, were studied in mixed batch cultures grown in filtered, axenic brines from Lake Grassmere, New Zealand. Forty‐five combinations of temperature, salinity, and light intensity were used. A maximum growth rate of 1.50 doublings day^‐1 was attained by D. salina at 26°C, 190 × 10^‐3S at a light intensity of 126 μE m^‐2 s^‐1. D. euchlora showed maximum growth rate of 1.16 doublings day^‐1 at 20°C, 120 × 10^‐3S at a light intensity of 180 μE m^‐2s^‐1. Predicted maximum values of 1.41 and 1.14 doublings day^‐1 respectively were obtained from regression models based on 45 replicate treatment combinations. In decreasing order of importance, temperature, salinity, and light intensity influence growth rates of brine algae. The optimum temperature for growth of both species increased as the salt concentration increased but decreased with increasing light intensity.     

Winter oceanographic observations in some New Zealand fiords

The winter oceanography of four New Zealand fiords is discussed using data obtained from July 1983, and comparisons are made with data collected on previous summers. Surface waters were more saline in winter than in summer and were everywhere cooler than the underlying water. Deep water renewal in the fiord basins was re‐examined using all available data. For Milford Sound and the other deep silled fiords renewal appears to be related to the arrival of dense water at sill depth offshore by an as yet unknown advective or meteorologically forced process. In the more isolated Long Sound, Preservation Inlet, deep water renewal requires the subtle interplay of tidal flows and mixing processes over the shallow double sill. Complete renewal of Long Sound bottom water appears to be a slow process.     

Physical oceanography of Rangaunu Harbour,Northland, New Zealand

Current meter, current drogue, salinity, temperature, and tidal elevation observations from Rangaunu Harbour are presented. The flow is dominated by the tides, the ebb tide in general being stronger than the flood. The time of high tide is increasingly delayed with distance from the open ocean. High tide at the head of the harbour lags about an hour behind that at the mouth. The phase of the flow relative to that of the elevation is less than that for a frictionless system. This difference from a quarter of a tidal period results from tidal energy dissipation and probably varies through the spring‐neap tidal cycle. The outer harbour has essentially coastal water which is exchanged each tide. Residence time of the inner harbour waters and the inner harbour shallows (where evaporation is sufficient to raise the salinity) is several days.     

Relationships of rainfall,river flow,and salinity to faecal coliform levels in a mussel fishery

Faecal coliform levels were determined for sea water and shellfish flesh from farms of the green mussel, Perna canaliculus, in Pelorus Sound, Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand. Simple linear models were developed to relate logarithmically transformed data on the faecal coliform levels to measures of fresh water entering the mussel beds. These models support guidelines to restrict harvesting following periods of heavy rain in order to comply with shellfish sanitation standards. Alternative guidelines are suggested based on the volume of river water entering the sound or salinity.     

点带石斑鱼的精子活力及超低温冷冻前后精子超微结构的比较

研究了盐度、pH对点带石斑鱼(Epinephelus malabaricus)精子活力的影响;同时对超低温冷冻前后点带石斑鱼精子的超微结构进行了比较观察。研究结果表明:(1)该鱼精子活力的适宜盐度范围为15-35,盐度为15时,精子寿命最长为26 min;最适pH值范围为6.5-8.0,当pH值为7.5时,精子的寿命最长为4 min;(2)超低温冷冻保存前,正常的点带石斑鱼精子由头部、中段和尾部3部分组成,精子头部呈球圆形或近圆形,直径约1.8 m;中段不明显,可见线粒体;鞭毛细长,约15 m,尾部主要结构是轴丝,为典型"9+2"微管结构;(3)超低温冷冻保存后,点带石斑鱼精子的形态结构损伤明显,主要表现为质膜褶皱、破裂,细胞质外漏,线粒体膨胀破损,脱落和鞭毛断裂等特征。     

低盐度形成的微生物膜对厚壳贻贝稚贝附着的影响

为研究环境因子在厚壳贻贝(Mytilus coruscus)稚贝附着过程中的调控作用, 作者探讨了低盐度对微生物膜生物构成、群落结构的影响及所形成微生物膜对厚壳贻贝稚贝附着的影响。在实验室条件下, 研究微生物膜的日龄与干质量、细菌密度和硅藻密度、叶绿素a含量的关系及其对厚壳贻贝稚贝附着的影响。通过DGGE指纹图谱技术对微生物膜中的细菌群落结构多样性进行了分析。研究发现,盐度13和23时形成的微生物膜能有效促进厚壳贻贝稚贝的附着, 且盐度23、28d时稚贝附着率最高, 达到72%。相关性分析表明, 微生物膜的诱导活性与盐度、干质量、细菌密度、硅藻密度、日龄呈显著正相关性, 与叶绿素a无相关性。微生物膜的干质量、附着细菌密度及底栖硅藻密度明显随着日龄的增加而增加, 叶绿素a含量与微生物膜日龄无显著相关性。细菌群落在厚壳贻贝稚贝附着过程中发挥重要调控作用。     

Residence times of Manukau Harbour,New Zealand

Residence times of the three main channel systems of Manukau Harbour were calculated by methods based on the salinity measured in 10 tidal excursion segments: the freshwater replacement technique and a volume exchange model. The amount of freshwater present in the segments at high water was low (< 11% throughout the year), so salinities were high, with minimum values (winter) in each segment being in the range 30.1–34.0 (compared with a median value of 34.5 in the nearby coastal waters). The proportion of each segments’ volume which was exchanged with an adjacent segment during a tidal cycle varied markedly across the harbour, from ≤ 5 % in several shallow inner harbour segments to 65% in a deep segment adjacent to the entrance channel. For annual average conditions the freshwater replacement times of the channels were 11–18 days. Slightly longer residence times—12–26 days—were obtained from the volume exchange model. Calculated replacement times for two non‐conservative tracers— inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen—were approximately half those for freshwater, as 5–12% of these species disappeared from the water column each day.     

A temperate,tidal lake‐wetland complex 2. Water quality and implications for zooplankton community structure

Lakes Waihola and Waipori are shallow, coastal, tidal lakes that experience wind‐induced sediment resuspension, saline intrusions, and high inputs of nutrients. To determine the influence of externally‐driven, physical factors on spatial and temporal patterns of water quality in the two lakes, meteorological, hydrological, and water quality data were collected over 1 year. Multivariate analyses indicated that wind energy was driving the main water quality gradient in the lakes, which was primarily related to wind‐induced resuspension of lake sediments. The major, seasonally regulated, non‐tidal freshwater inflow was important in determining nutrient and salinity gradients in the lakes. The main nutrient inputs to the system were identified as the regulated, non‐tidal inflow (the upper Waipori River) and the tidal inflow (lower Waipori River). The impact of water quality gradients on zooplankton community structure in the lakes was assessed by canonical multivariate methods. Salinity gradients, caused by seasonal saltwater intrusions, were strongly related to zooplankton community structure in the lakes. Nutrient gradients (indicative of trophic state) were also related to zooplankton community structure. Although wind‐induced sediment resuspension had the largest impact on water quality in the lakes, it had little impact on the zooplankton community structure in either lake. The relationships between water quality and zooplankton community structure were confounded in Lake Waipori because of its very short hydraulic residence time (annual mean =1.9 days). Zooplankton community structure was resilient to short‐term changes in suspended particulate matter concentrations but not to seasonal changes in salinity. The results of this study support others which have shown impacts of even relatively small variations in salinity on the structure of zooplankton communities. This highlights the vulnerability of zooplankton communities in coastal lakes and wetlands to increasing salinity resulting from sea level rise and global climate change.     

Climate‐induced Late‐Holocene ecological changes in Pichavaram estuary,India

Variation in sedimentology as well as freshwater and marine palynomorphs has been studied in ecological perspective in two 2.5‐ and 5‐m deep sediment cores deposited since 3440 and 3630 cal BP, respectively in the central part of Pichavaram mangrove wetland, Cauvery River delta. The palynological and sedimentological results of the sediments reveal a monsoonal circulation and a climatic shift from warm and humid with strengthened monsoon (3630–3190 cal BP) to dry and arid (~2750–760 cal BP). Since the last millennium (~760 cal BP), Pichavaram estuary has been influenced by a similar cyclicity but with a less wet and humid climate due to weakened monsoon conditions. These ecological changes in turn affect the relative sea level rise and fall which is reflected by the variability/extinction of freshwater and marine palynomorphs. The estuary remained an active water channel between ~3630 and 2750 cal BP, responding to the strengthened monsoon, during which the freshwater algal remains with thecamoebians and marine dinoflagellate cysts and foraminiferal linings both dominated with a ratio of 1.5 for marine/freshwater forms. After this period, since ~2750 cal BP there has been a dominance of marine forms with a ratio of 4.5 for marine/freshwater forms, indicating fluvio‐marine sediment deposition and suggesting the recent landward intrusion of seawater during weakened monsoon conditions. Freshwater thecamoebians are vulnerable to the salinity >3 in the aqueous soil solution of estuarine sediment, and therefore serve as an excellent proxy for monitoring salinity gradient along with short‐term high resolution palaeoecological fluctuations induced by climate and relative sea‐level changes in an estuarine ecosystem.