Dynamics of hypersaline coastal waters in the Great Barrier Reef

The coastal waters of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) are hypersaline (salinity ∼37) during the dry season as a result of evaporation greatly exceeding rainfall, of shallow waters, and of the presence of numerous bays along the coast preventing rapid flushing. These hypersaline waters are not flushed out by salinity-driven baroclinic currents because these waters are vertically well-mixed. Instead these waters are transported by a longshore residual current and thus form a coastal boundary layer of hypersaline waters. As a result the hypersalinity distribution is 2-D with both cross-shelf and longshore gradients of salinity. The cross-shelf gradients are largely controlled by turbulent diffusion, while the longshore gradients are controlled by the residual currents that transport hypersaline waters longshore south ward in the central and southern regions of the GBR. Because every bay supplies hypersaline waters, the width of the coastal hypersaline layer increases southwards. Steady state is reached in about 100 days, which is the typical duration of the dry season. The dynamics of the GBR hypersaline coastal boundary layer thus differ from the classical inverse hypersaline systems, e.g. in Saloum River Estuary, Laguna San Ignacio, Mission Bay, Tomales Bay, San Diego Bay, Hervey Bay, Shark Bay, Coorong Coast Lagoon, Spencer Gulf, Gulf of California and many others where the salinity gradient is mainly 1-D with a dominant along-channel salinity gradient.     

In situ experimental decomposition studies in estuaries: A comparison of Phragmites australis and Fucus vesiculosus

The decomposition rates of Phragmites australis and Fucus vesiculosus were experimentally determined in an estuarine system using the leaf-bag technique. The study was conducted in fifteen sites arranged in five areas, extending from freshwater, outside the tidal range, to the marine environment, near the mouth of the estuary. The leaf-bags (5 mm mesh), were set up with 3.0 g of dried substrate, submerged in the experimental sites at day 0 and collected at days 3, 7, 15, 30 and 60, to follow biomass loss. The biomass loss through the leaching phase (day 3) was about 16% for Phragmites australis and 33% for Fucus vesiculosus and was independent of salinity for both substrates. The difference in the remaining biomass between the two species increased with time and the decomposition rates differed along the salinity gradient. For F. vesiculosus, the decomposition rate was highest near the mouth of the estuary, corresponding to the preferential distribution area of the algae, and decreased towards freshwater. For Phragmites australis, the fastest decay was observed in the mid estuary, where Phragmites australis occurs naturally, confirming previous studies. The decomposition rates measured at different time intervals (0–15, 0–30 and 0–60 days) were always higher for the algae and decreased with time for both species. These results indicate that the use of decomposition rates as a measure of ecosystem integrity or quality status in transitional waters will not be straightforward and must take into account, among others, the test species, the study area positioning along the estuarine gradient, and the time interval for the calculation of the decomposition rate.     

几种生态因子对尖刀蛏幼贝存活率和生长率的影响

2008～2009年,在浙江省海洋水产养殖研究所永兴基地研究了底质、饵料、温度和盐度对平均壳长为32.28±3.98mm的尖刀蛏（Cultelles scalprum）幼贝存活率和生长率的影响.结果表明：尖刀蛏幼贝以软泥底质最佳,实验条件下存活率达到76.7%,其次为沙底质,存活率为71.7%,最差为硬泥底质,存活率仅为60.0%;几种易于大规模培养的微藻中,最适宜的饵料为牟氏角毛藻,实验条件下存活率达到90.0%,生长率达到25.9%,其次为球等鞭金藻和亚心形扁藻;尖刀蛏幼贝存活的适宜温度为10～30℃,最适生长温度为26～30℃;存活的适宜盐度为18～26,最适生长盐度为22.尖刀蛏与其他大多数沿岸贝类一样属于广温广盐性品种,其幼贝更适宜于在盐度较低的环境中生存.     

盐度和规格对波纹巴非蛤Paphia undulate耗氧率和排氨率的影响

2007年3月,将采集于湛江雷州的波纹巴非蛤Paphia undulate,根据其个体大小分为A组和B组,外壳长度分别为(4.51±0.17)cm和(3.69±0.11) cm,并采用Winkler碘量法和次溴酸盐氧化法分别测定了其单位质量的耗氧率、排氨率及其氧氮比(O∶N),研究了盐度和规格对波纹巴非蛤代谢的影响.实...     

GFDL模式不同类型试验模拟海洋中CFC-11分布结果的评估

为了评估美国地球物理流体动力学实验室（GFDL）模式模拟海洋通风的能力,利用GFDL的物理气候系统模式和地球系统模式（GFDL-ESM2G、GFDL-ESM2M、GFDL-CM3）模拟海洋中CFC-11（一氟三氯甲烷,CCl3F）的资料,对CFC-11的海面浓度分布、单位面积水柱总量、全球总物质的量、最大穿透深度以及在大西洋、太平洋、南大洋的垂直剖面的特征进行了分析。本文将GFDL模拟结果与盐度、海温、CFC-11的观测资料比较,得到了如下重要结论：GFDL模式模拟的CFC-11海面高值中心集中在高纬度,如北大西洋、西北太平洋,但是在南大洋罗斯海、威德尔海模拟结果比观测值低了1.5 pmol·kg-1,这是CFC-11的溶解度与海面温度成负相关造成的,即随海面温度升高,CFC-11的溶解度降低;GFDL模拟的全球海洋中CFC-11总物质的量都比观测值高,尤其是CM3的模拟结果比观测高22.9%,GFDL模式平均值高于观测15.6%。通过对北太平洋46°N、北大西洋24°N和南大洋65°S的纬向断面的分析表明,目前GFDL模式在模拟一些重要水团时还有一定的改进空间,比如GFDL在24°N断面1 000 m以下模拟CFC-11浓度极大值位置过深。     

Research on soil salt transfer under freeze-thawing condition

Soil salt transformation plays an important role in the freeze-thawing process,which is also one of basic problems of cryopedology. The very special law is made up of the two time salt-moisture transfer under freeze-thawing condition. Based on the latest research at home and abroad,through the investigation of soil moisture-salt change in the freeze-thawing process,the conclusion is made that the soil water potential gradient is the main driving force of soil salt movement and the factors are of quantities. The research shows that,when freezing,temperature drops,salt and moisture move towards frozen layer. All make the salinity content of the frozen layer increase significantly. In the thawing process,salinity and moisture in the soil move up again with evaporation and makes the salt second migration.     

2010年“7·25”云南强降雨物理量特征分析

2010年7月25日,云南省产生了一次大雨、暴雨天气过程,通过对天气影响系统以及动力、热力、水汽条件等物理量特征分析表明,热带低压倒槽引导700 hPa上的辐合切变西移,加上低涡的配合,是此次强降雨过程的关键影响系统,加之高层到低层的负速度中心向左倾斜的趋势与中低层的热带低压倒槽、辐合切变走向一致,低层正涡度并有较强的水汽辐合,高层负涡度,并有较强的水汽辐散,从北部湾至云南省存在较丰富的水汽输送,强降水开始前,k指数在不断增大,垂直上升运动强烈,有较强的不稳定能量堆积,有利于对流活动的发生和发展,极易产生大雨、暴雨天气。     

大庆市土地盐碱化动态变化研究

通过对大庆市1988年、1992年、1996年、2001年和2006年每年二景TM影像数据的分析,提取出大庆市土地盐碱化信息数据,利用GIS的空间叠加功能对大庆市盐碱化土地进行时空变化特征分析,得出1996～2001年和2001～2006年大庆市土地盐碱化程度,并据此实践分析产生盐碱化土地的原因及提出相关的改进措施。得出低洼易涝盐碱地发展水田、轻中度盐碱化低产耕地退耕还草、轻中度盐碱化草地围栏封育及重度盐碱化草地人工种草的分类治理对策。     

中亚地缘政治新格局及其对中国的战略影响

中亚作为一个相对独立的地缘政治单元,在区位、文化、社会等方面具有特殊性,在能源和资源方面具有显著的优势,在世界政治和国际关系中具有重要地位。自“9·11”事件所致的阿富汗战争之后,中亚地缘政治重新洗牌,多种国际政治行为体竞相介入中亚,形成复杂的地缘政治关系,中亚地缘政治格局发生新的变化,对中国产生新的和复杂的战略影响。     

南京“老字号”餐饮企业地理区位变化及影响因素分析

通过对南京＂老字号＂餐饮企业生存现状的调查,发现南京＂老字号＂餐饮企业不仅数量在减少,而且有从老城区向外搬迁的趋势。探讨其形成原因,主要有城市建设、市场、消费需求与口味变化、法律法规不健全等外部因素,以及企业体制陈旧、产品缺乏创新、品牌意识淡薄、传承方式单一、品牌扩张和宣传力度不够、产品质量下滑、就餐环境和服务质量下降等内部因素。针对＂老字号＂餐饮企业发展参差不齐的状况,提出振兴南京＂老字号＂餐饮企业举措建议,以充分发挥＂老字号＂不可估量的品牌价值、经济价值和文化价值。