基于集对分析的大庆市经济系统脆弱性评价

集对分析是研究客观事物之间确定性与不确定性联系的一种有效的系统理论与方法。将多个评价指标合成一个与最优评价集的相对贴近度,用来评价经济系统的脆弱性程度。基于经济系统脆弱性的内涵,从经济系统对区域可采石油资源逐渐枯竭的敏感性及应对能力两个方面建立了脆弱性评价指标体系,利用熵值法确定各评价指标的权重,运用集对分析法构建经济系统脆弱性评估模型。以典型石油城市大庆为例,分析1991年以来大庆经济系统脆弱性的演变特征及主要影响因素。结果表明:①大庆经济系统对不利扰动的敏感性呈现波动上升趋势,由1991年的0.504增至2007年的0.573;区域应对不利扰动的能力不断增强,由1991年的0.268增至2007年的0.771;经济系统脆弱性整体上呈现不断下降趋势,由初期的0.619降至2007年的0.402。②应对能力的强弱对大庆经济系统脆弱性的影响具有主导作用。③原油产量增长率、人均GDP和工业全员劳动生产率等是影响经济系统脆弱性程度的关键因子。④区域应对能力的"障碍度"分析表明,固定资产投资密度一直是第一障碍因素,而产业结构的限制集中出现在2000年以前。研究认为,大庆经济系统脆弱性呈下降趋势,但仍处于中等脆弱状态,需要重点关注主要敏感因子与障碍因子的发展变化。     

黑河流域水资源生态环境安全问题研究

对黑河流域水文资料进行分析计算发现, 由于有冰川补给流域水资源比较稳定, 最枯年和最丰年水资源量之比仅为1:2, 这在北方河流中是非常罕见的。多年平均水资源量为32.31亿m³·a^-1, 人均水资源量为1689m³·a^-1, 略低于国际上公认的人均水资源安全警戒线1000~1700m³·a^-1的上限。根据黑河流域水资源反复转化多次重复利用的特点, 扣除7.5亿m³·a^-1的生态用水量, 结合流域正在执行的综合整治和节水措施的推广, 目前水资源状况是安全的, 下游生态环境的危机可以通过水资源统一调配来解决。依据天然出山水资源变化和水土资源开发利用规模及额济纳旗生态环境状况, 在不增加土地灌溉规模并适当采取节水措施的前提下, 可以确定32.31亿m³·a^-1的天然来水量为流域水资源安全临界线, 28亿m³·a^-1的天然来水量为流域水资源安全警戒线。     

青岛市区夏季暑热指数初探

统计分析了青岛市区夏季 (6～ 9月 )与体感温度关系密切的最高气温、相对湿度和风速的气候概况 ;根据体感温度的计算型式和有关气象要素的分布特征 ,得出其经验计算公式 ;分布在不同区间内的体感温度对应着不同的暑热指数及户外人群的舒适感受。     

Computer Science and Programming Courses in Geography Departments in the United States

Geographic information systems (GIS) are fundamental information technologies. The capabilities and applications of GIS continue to rapidly expand, requiring practitioners to have new skills and competencies, especially in computer science. There is little research, however, about how best to prepare the next generation of GIScientists with adequate computer science skills. This article explores how U.S. geography departments are introducing and developing computer science and programming skills in their geography and GIS degree programs. We review the degree requirements in fifty-five geography departments and discover that forty-four of them offer some kind of GIS programming course. Of the 210 separate degree options identified, however, only 22 require one of these courses for a degree. There is little consistency or emphasis on computer science and programming skills in geography or GIS degrees, despite the immense importance of these components in geography and GIS careers. We propose future research along distinct investigative tracks to build a research-based understanding of the educational interactions among GIS, computer science, programming, and geography.     

Big Data Resource Planning for Food Safety: a Preliminary Exploration of the “Environment,Food and Health” Information Chain

Environmental pollution, food safety and health are closely linked. A key challenge in addressing the problem of food safety and protecting public health is building an integrated knowledge base to inform policy and strengthen governance. This requires breaking down the trans-departmental information barrier across the environment, food and health domains to ensure the effective flow of data and the efficient utilization of resources, and facilitate the collaborative governance of food safety. Achieving this will be crucial for the development of health and medical care in China in the era of big data. Currently, the information resources commanded by various departments are incomplete and fragmented. Data resources are also organized in vertical silos and there is a lack of data sharing within and across policy streams. To provide the basis for more effective integrated collection and analysis of data in future, this study summarizes the information resources of various departments whose work relates to interactions between environment, food and health, and presents measures to strengthen top-down design, and establish unified data standards and a big data sharing platform. It also points to the need for increased training of data analysts with interdisciplinary expertise.     

Capacity of soil loss control in the Loess Plateau based on soil erosion control degree

The capacity of soil and water conservation measures, defined as the maximum quantity of suitable soil and water conservation measures contained in a region, were determined for the Loess Plateau based on zones suitable for establishing terraced fields, forestland and grassland with the support of geographic information system (GIS) software. The minimum possible soil erosion modulus and actual soil erosion modulus in 2010 were calculated using the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE), and the ratio of the minimum possible soil erosion modulus under the capacity of soil and water conservation measures to the actual soil erosion modulus was defined as the soil erosion control degree. The control potential of soil erosion and water loss in the Loess Plateau was studied using this concept. Results showed that the actual soil erosion modulus was 3355 t?km^-2?a^-1, the minimum possible soil erosion modulus was 1921 t?km^-2?a^-1, and the soil erosion control degree was 0.57 (medium level) in the Loess Plateau in 2010. In terms of zoning, the control degree was relatively high in the river valley-plain area, soil-rocky mountainous area, and windy-sandy area, but relatively low in the soil-rocky hilly-forested area, hilly-gully area and plateau-gully area. The rate of erosion areas with a soil erosion modulus of less than 1000 t?km^-2?a^-1 increased from 50.48% to 57.71%, forest and grass coverage rose from 56.74% to 69.15%, rate of terraced fields increased from 4.36% to 19.03%, and per capita grain available rose from 418 kg?a^-1 to 459 kg?a^-1 under the capacity of soil and water conservation measures compared with actual conditions. These research results are of some guiding significance for soil and water loss control in the Loess Plateau.     

湖北郧县辽瓦店黄土剖面风化特征及其对气候变化的响应

对湖北郧县辽瓦店剖面的沉积学特征及磁化率、粒度、Rb、Sr含量等理化指标进行了研究。结果表明:辽瓦店剖面自下而上具有马兰黄土(L₁)-过渡层(L_t)-古土壤(S₀)-全新世黄土(L₀)-表土(TS)地层序列;不同地层单元的风化成壤差异明显,其成壤强弱顺序为古土壤S₀成壤最强、全新世黄土L₀和过渡层L_t次之、马兰黄土L₁最弱。成壤强弱的变化揭示出该区晚更新世末期(11 500 a BP以前)气候干冷,全新世早期(11 500~8 500 a BP)气候处于晚更新世干冷向全新世中期暖湿的过渡阶段,全新世中期(8 500~3 100 a BP)气候最为温暖湿润,全新世晚期(3 100 a BP以来)气候转为干冷且逐渐恶化的变化过程。     

中国GDP偏离度的空间计量经济分析

采用突变级数法、ESDA及空间计量经济模型对1985~2012年中国GDP的偏离度的时空差异进行了研究,结果发现：① 除2009年外,自1998年来中国GDP偏离度一直在不断增加,国家政策及全球经济运行状况对其有重要影响;② 2012年和2009年相比,GDP偏离度空间格局变动不大,长三角、京津冀及中部地区一直是偏离度较大的区域;③ 空间相互作用是中国GDP偏离度拉大的重要原因;④ GDP总量、建筑业及固定资产投资总额对中国GDP偏离度具有重要影响;⑤ 能耗及GDP速度对GDP偏离度产生负向作用,主要是由其发展阶段决定的。     

GIS-based cost distance modelling to support strategic maritime search and rescue planning: A feasibility study

Geographic information system (GIS) based methodologies are widely used to various problems. However, its potential for application to strategic maritime search and rescue (SAR) planning remains largely unexplored. To investigate the applicability of GIS-based tools to this problem, this paper presents an approach to evaluate accessibility and response times in a sea area. Such information aids to objectify the response effectiveness of a SAR system, which is important for rational resource allocation. The presented methodology accounts for the main characteristics of maritime response, namely spatial accessibility, capabilities of search and rescue units (SRUs) and prevailing wave conditions, which affect the attainable SRU speeds. An application to the Finnish areas of the Gulf of Finland is shown. Despite the existence of some difficulties with currently available tools (e.g. accurate and user-friendly spatial wave models and challenges with using raster-based methods in topologically complex areas) and limitations in knowledge (e.g. the SRU capabilities in actual operations), the results indicate that the methodology provides good opportunities for enhancing maritime decision making.     

运用树木活力度进行城市生态环境质量分区--以吉林市为例

城市生态环境质量是影响城市景观和居民身心健康的重要因素，环境质量分区是进行生态环境评价的基础性工作。在以往生态环境质量评价中，通常采用单一的环境污染指标，难以全面综合的反应生态环境质量状况。植被的面貌是一定时期内大气、土壤、水分、人类活动综合作用的结果。由于树木有生命而又不能移动，它的健康状态是一定时期因素内，综合地反映其生活环境条件的最好尺度。借鉴国外环境诊断的研究方法，提出“树木活力度”，即树木的枝、叶、梢、树形等各个部位的生长状况和健康程度这一新的综合生态指标，并结合实际，以吉林市为例，对运用这一指标进行城市生态环境质量评价的方法、原理、问题等进行了初步探讨。指出运用树木活力度进行城市生态环境质量分区，具有迅速目测、计算简便，快速经济的特点，是当前较为流行的一种景观诊断的简便易行的方法。