一次特大暴雨垂直速度场的计算与分析

台风低压环流是影响我国东部地区的重要天气系统之一,对其垂直速度场进行合进的诊断分析是其中的一个关键问题。计算垂直速度的方法有很多种,对诊断分析而言,倾向于运动学方法。这一方法的基本思路是把最后的累积误差“均匀”分摊到各等压面层上去,主要困难是如何处理测风不精确所带来的计算误差。该文针对１９９９年８月１１～１２日高密和诸城两市特大暴雨的天气过程,对其垂直速度场进行了合理的计算和订正,结果令人满意。     

Site effects at Euroseistest—I. Determination of the valley structure and confrontation of observations with 1D analysis

This paper describes the process of construction of the 2D model of Volvi's geological structure and results of empirical and theoretical approaches to the evaluation of site response at Euroseistest. The construction of the 2D model is based on a re-interpretation of the available geophysical and geotechnical data in an effort to improve the definition of the subsoil structure at Euroseistest in terms of the most important parameters needed to model site response. The results of this re-interpretation are compared with a previous published 2D model of the same alluvial valley. Different analysis of the measurements and different criteria in the synthesis of data have led to a different model, even if both studies had access to the same field measurements. This underscores the fact that a model results of an interpretation and is not uniquely determined by the data, no matter how detailed they are. The well known subsoil structure opened the possibility to correlate the geometry and the dynamic properties of the 2D model with the results of site response determined from a detailed analysis of two events in frequency and time domains and 1D numerical modeling. The study of site response shows the important effect of the lateral variations on the ground motion and suggests that the contribution of locally generated surface waves to the resonant peak may be important. In the case of Volvi's graben, the limitations of the 1D approximation to simulate ground motion under complex soil conditions in both frequency and time domains are also shown. This paper lays the ground for a companion article dealing with 2D site effects in this basin.     

Effect of soil stiffness in the attenuation of Rayleigh-wave motions from field measurements

The amplitude of vertical ground surface vibrations generated by impact tests on the ground surface was measured at various radial distances from the point of impact at locations of Greece. The results of measurements were analyzed in the frequency domain (in the range from 0–100 Hz) and the attenuation characteristics of soil materials were studied in terms of a frequency-independent attenuation coefficient, a₀, of the empirical Bornitz equation. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of soil stiffness (expressed by the value of low-amplitude shear wave velocity of soil, V_SO) on the value of attenuation coefficient, a₀. Values of V_SO for the tested soils were estimated by applying the methodology of Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves (SASW) technique and utilizing the surface vibration data. An empirical relationship between a₀ and V_SO1 (V_SO1 is the representative value of V_SO for the soil profile up to a depth of one wavelength) was established for values of V_SO1 ranging from 140 to 1000 m/s. A similar relationship in terms of the low-amplitude shear modulus of soil, G_O1, was also established by converting the V_SO1 values to G_O1 values. The experimental results were compared to values reported in the literature for comparable soil types and frequencies of vibration and a reasonable agreement was found to exist. The proposed empirical relationship can be utilized in many practical applications of soil dynamics requiring the knowledge of the attenuation rate of Rayleigh waves with distance in various types of soils.     

腾冲火山及邻区速度结构的三维层析成象

利用１９８４～１９９８年新间期间发生在腾冲火山及邻区３０个台站记录的数知个地震的Ｐ波资料,采用地震层析成象法重建了腾冲火山及邻区地壳、上地幔不同深度的三维速度结构层析成象图。结果给出,在腾冲火山区下面地壳内约３～９ｋｍ存在低速带,扰动量达－２０％;１０～１５ｋｍ深度为高波速带,扰动量达７．３％;１６～２４ｋｍ深度为低波速带。扰动量达－９．１％;２５～４０ｋｍ为波速带,扰一达１０％;大于莫霍面深度（     

华东地区地震活动的加速模型分析

地震活动加速模型是在岩石断裂理论和实验的基础上建立起来的,具有坚实的物理基础。运用地震活动加速模型对地震活动进行分析和预测具有很强的实用性。运用地震活动加速模型对华东地区及长南带地震活动进行的分析和预测结果表明,该地区本次地震活动期将在2016年左右结束,现在至2016年还将发生总能量相当于7．7级的地震,加速模型中表征区域地震活动特征参数α取0．4能适合于华东地区和长南带。     

Bender Elements在测试土样剪切波速中的应用

本文以作者在香港理工大学土木与结构工程系设计制作的一套BenderElements为例,介绍了BenderElements的原理、发展历史、应用范围、使用方法和注意事项等。BenderElements是由压电陶瓷材料制成的,在拉伸、压缩作用下,会产生正、负电荷,反过来,给它施加正、负电荷后,它又可产生弯曲振动,正是利用它的这一特性,将其作成接收和发射装置,来测试土样的剪切波速Vs。BenderElements在安装使用时,防水和静电屏蔽十分关键。Vs可在场地地震反应、液化判别、动力基础设计、检测地基改良效果等方面获得应用。震相识别的原则是接收信号的第一个峰值为到时。     

地震勘探技术在石膏矿开发中的应用

在国内首次将地震勘探技术系统地应用于石膏矿床的开发,控制了石膏层赋存状况和构造特征,获得了较为理想的地质效果和经济效益。      

基于近地层垂直速度能谱尺度特征确定复杂下垫面零平面位移

本文利用位于南京市郊区的南京大学仙林校区SORPES观测站多层湍流观测数据分析了湍流谱特征,以白天不稳定条件下垂直速度能谱谱峰对应的长度尺度也就是离地高度为判据,探讨了运用该方法确定复杂下垫面零平面位移的可行性。统计分析表明,该方法确定的长度尺度呈现出较为一致的概率分布形状,概率最大的长度尺度对应于离地高度,在复杂下垫面情况下这个高度就是零平面位移高度到观测高度之间的距离,将观测点的离地高度减去这个距离就能得到零平面位移。本文同时运用不稳定条件下垂直速度方差在近地层中的相似关系来确定零平面位移,并与谱方法得到的结果进行对比。结果表明,谱方法和方差法得到的零平面位移非常接近。     

风沙流中沙粒起跳初速度分布的探讨

风沙流结构中起跃沙粒的初速度分布,是连接微观研究和宏观研究的桥梁。笔者分析了已有的实验数据,就沙质地表起跃沙粒的速度分布、角度分布进行了计算;并运用碰撞理论建立了一个二维碰撞模型。考虑边界条件的影响,运用概率论统计的思想计算了风沙流结构中起跃沙粒初速度的概率分布,并和实验值进行了对比,得到了较好的结果,对风沙流中起跃沙粒的速度分布有了一个定性的认识。     

中心回线瞬变电磁测深法快速电阻率成像方法及应用

利用导电全空间与均匀半空间中心回线源和磁偶极子在阶跃电流激发下磁场公式和扩散速度的定义,导出了不同条件下瞬变场的扩散速度公式。在此基础之上,引入瞬变电磁测深全区视电阻率定义数值计算方法,给出了电阻率成像的一阶与二阶近似公式,从而建立了一套中心回线瞬变电磁测深快速电阻率成像方法。模型检验结果、实测剖面电阻率成像以及对大地电磁测深视电阻率曲线进行静偏移校正效果均良好,说明该方法是可行的、有效的。