夏季东太湖光合有效辐射衰减特征及其对沉水植物恢复的指示

水下光照分布是影响水生态系统的重要因素,研究光合有效辐射衰减特征对于沉水植物恢复具有一定的指导意义.根据沉水植物生物量资料,将东太湖划分为沉水植物茂盛区、沉水植物稀疏区和无植物区3种区域.基于2019年夏季原位水下光场资料,探讨了东太湖光衰减特性和光照衰减因子的空间差异以及不同区域内的主导衰减因子,分析了东太湖的稳态阶段和富营养化水平,并阐述了真光层深度与透明度的关系,以期为东太湖沉水植物恢复和保护提供相关资料.结果表明:东太湖不同区域光衰减特性差异显著,光合有效辐射衰减系数(k d(PAR))在0.73~11.80 m^-1之间变化,真光层深度范围为0.39~6.31 m.不同区域的无机悬浮物和有机悬浮物浓度存在显著性差异,稀疏区叶绿素a浓度显著高于茂盛区,而与无植物区没有显著差异,有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)吸收系数在3种区域无显著性差异.k d(PAR)与无机、有机悬浮物的线性拟合效果较好,而与叶绿素a、CDOM拟合较差.水体吸收和散射作用是茂盛区光衰减的主要原因,无植物区域主导衰减因子仅有无机悬浮物,稀疏区由叶绿素a和无机悬浮物共同主导,是生态修复需要重点关注的区域,有机悬浮物和CDOM对东太湖光照衰减没有太大影响.东太湖目前正处于从草型稳态向藻型稳态过渡的阶段,整个湖泊属于富营养水平,真光层深度大约为透明度的2.7倍.     

半干旱地区洪水模拟效果差异性分析及影响因子响应评估

中国北方半干旱地区的降水与下垫面条件具有明显的时空异质性,如何完整准确地描述该类区域的水文过程是当代水文学研究的难点之一.选择半干旱地区水文实验区域——绥德流域和曹坪流域,通过构建不同时空规律的降水场,并结合3种不同产流机制的水文模型,进行大型数值模拟实验,去探究时间、空间、产流机制等因素对半干旱地区洪水模拟的影响,为该类地区水文模型的研制工作提供借鉴.结果 表明:1)半干旱地区中小流域的产流对降雨强度较为敏感,因此降水输入的时间步长对洪水模拟效果的影响程度较大;相比之下,流域雨量站数量的增减,仅体现在降雨分布场的暴雨中心缺失以及面平均降雨量的微小差别,对洪水模拟效果的影响程度较小.2)水文模型能否准确描述主导水文过程是半干旱地区洪水模拟效果优良的关键,流域的尺度效应及其下垫面条件的空间异质性是半干旱地区不同水文模型研制和调整应当优先考虑的问题,无论时间步长、雨量站数量怎么组合,产流结构适宜的模型其模拟效果总是趋于较好的结果.     

双通道能见度自动测量仪研究

从透射和散射的原理出发,推导了基于红外测量的双通道能见度仪的工程测量方程,比较了单通道和双通道能见度测量仪的性能,结果表明,双通道能见度测量仪具有精度高、性能稳定、使用可靠、维护量小的特点。     

米波太阳射电频谱仪的科学目标和技术方案

介绍了70～700MHz低频太阳射电频谱仪的科学目标和技术方案,给出了11m 网状抛物面天线、接收系统、数字频谱终端的技术指标.并对系统的整机噪声系数、灵敏度、最小可测流量密度、LNA输入端的噪声功率进行了估计.系统频谱分辨率优于0.2MHz,时间分辨率最高可达2 ms.     

非球形轴对称粒子光散射的散射矩阵元素展开系数的数值计算

扼要地介绍了非球形粒子光散射的散射矩阵元素按广义球函数展开的基本理论,以及球形粒子散射矩阵元素间的关系。在此基础上较详细地阐述了计算展开系数的方法以及在程序研制中所遇到的一些问题。最后,对非球形的Ｃｈｅｂｙｓｈｅｖ粒子光散射的散射矩阵元素的展开系数进行了计算,结果表明数值技术和计算的正确性。     

露天煤矿截水帷幕效果检验方法及截水效果分析

某露天煤矿为减少矿坑疏排水量,通过施工截水帷幕切断矿坑北侧河流补给通道。根据现场施工条件,采用低强度抗渗混凝土地下连续墙、HDPE防渗膜、超高压角域变速射流注浆、咬合桩4种工艺构建截水帷幕。为检验施工过程中露天煤矿截水帷幕的效果,针对低强度抗渗混凝土地下连续墙、HDPE防渗膜、超高压角域变速射流注浆等3种截水帷幕工艺,进行了4次围井试验。试验结果表明,在露天煤矿深厚砂卵石层动水、低温条件下,低强度抗渗混凝土地下连续墙、HDPE防渗膜、超高压角域变速射流注浆帷幕均具有良好的截水效果,渗透系数分别达到8.34×10^-7、6.28×10^-7、7.85×10^-7 cm/s,与原材料室内实验得出的渗透系数基本吻合。在4种帷幕工艺的共同作用下,露天煤矿矿坑疏排水量显著减少,围井试验在截水帷幕施工过程中具有良好的效果检验作用。     

Contrasting hydrological response of coastal and desert biocrusts

Biocrusts abound in southern Israel, covering the Hallamish dune field near Nizzana (NIZ) in the Negev (mean annual precipitation of 95 mm) and the coast of Nizzanim (NIM) near Ashdod (mean annual precipitation of 500 mm). While the hydrological response of the NIZ crust to natural rain events was thoroughly investigated, no data is available on the hydrological response of the NIM crust. Runoff was monitored in runoff plots during the years 2005–2008, and in addition, sprinkling experiments were carried out on NIM and NIZ crusts. For the evaluation of the possible factors that may control runoff initiation, fine content of the parent material, crust thickness, compressional strength, hydrophobicity, surface microrelief, organic matter, biomass (chlorophyll a and total carbohydrates) and the crust's species composition of NIM were studied and compared to that of NIZ. The data showed that in comparison to the NIZ crust that readily generated runoff, no runoff was produced by the NIM crust. This was so despite the fact that (1) Microculeus vaginatus predominated in both crusts, (2) the substantially higher rain intensities in NIM, (3) the greater thickness and higher chlorophyll content and (4) the lower microrelief at NIM in comparison to NIZ. The lack of runoff in NIM was explained by its low amounts of exopolysaccharides that did not suffice to affectively clog the surface and in turn to facilitate runoff initiation. The absence of runoff and its consequences on the NIM ecosystem are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Including spatial distribution in a data‐driven rainfall‐runoff model to improve reservoir inflow forecasting in Taiwan

Multi‐step ahead inflow forecasting has a critical role to play in reservoir operation and management in Taiwan during typhoons as statutory legislation requires a minimum of 3‐h warning to be issued before any reservoir releases are made. However, the complex spatial and temporal heterogeneity of typhoon rainfall, coupled with a remote and mountainous physiographic context, makes the development of real‐time rainfall‐runoff models that can accurately predict reservoir inflow several hours ahead of time challenging. Consequently, there is an urgent, operational requirement for models that can enhance reservoir inflow prediction at forecast horizons of more than 3 h. In this paper, we develop a novel semi‐distributed, data‐driven, rainfall‐runoff model for the Shihmen catchment, north Taiwan. A suite of Adaptive Network‐based Fuzzy Inference System solutions is created using various combinations of autoregressive, spatially lumped radar and point‐based rain gauge predictors. Different levels of spatially aggregated radar‐derived rainfall data are used to generate 4, 8 and 12 sub‐catchment input drivers. In general, the semi‐distributed radar rainfall models outperform their less complex counterparts in predictions of reservoir inflow at lead times greater than 3 h. Performance is found to be optimal when spatial aggregation is restricted to four sub‐catchments, with up to 30% improvements in the performance over lumped and point‐based models being evident at 5‐h lead times. The potential benefits of applying semi‐distributed, data‐driven models in reservoir inflow modelling specifically, and hydrological modelling more generally, are thus demonstrated. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Trend and extreme occurrence of precipitation in a mid‐latitude Eurasian steppe watershed at various time scales

The confounding effects of step change invalidate the stationarity assumption of commonly used trend analysis methods such as the Mann–Kendall test technique, so previous studies have failed to explain inconsistencies between detected trends and observed large precipitation anomalies. The objectives of this study were to (1) formulate a trend analysis approach that considers nonstationarity due to step changes, (2) use this approach to detect trends and extreme occurrences of precipitation in a mid‐latitude Eurasian steppe watershed in North China, and (3) examine how runoff responds to precipitation trends in the study watershed. Our results indicate that annual precipitation underwent a marginal step jump around 1995. The significant annual downward trend after 1994 was primarily due to a decrease in summer rainfall; other seasons exhibited no significant precipitation trends. At a monthly scale, July rainfall after 1994 exhibited a significant downward trend, whereas precipitation in other months had no trend. The percentage of wet days also underwent a step jump around 1994 following a significant decreasing trend, although the precipitation intensity exhibited neither a step change nor any significant trend. However, both low‐frequency and high‐frequency precipitation events in the study watershed occurred more often after than before 1994; probably as either a result or an indicator of climate change. In response to these precipitation changes, the study watershed had distinctly different precipitation‐runoff relationships for observed annual precipitations of less than 300 mm, between 300 and 400 mm, and greater than 400 mm. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Suspended sediment and total dissolved solid yield patterns at the headwaters of Urumqi River,northwestern China: a comparison between glacial and non‐glacial catchments

In order to understand the differences in the suspended sediment and total dissolved solid (TDS) yield patterns between the glacial and non‐glacial catchments at the headwaters of Urumqi River, northwestern China, water samples were collected from a glacier catchment and an empty cirque catchment within the region, during three melting seasons from 2006 to 2008. These samples were analyzed to estimate suspended sediment and TDS concentrations, fluxes and erosion rates in the two adjoining catchments. There were remarked differences in suspended sediment and TDS yield patterns between the two catchments. Suspended sediment concentrations were controlled mainly by the sediment source, whereas TDS concentrations were primarily related to the hydrologic interaction with soil minerals. Generally, the glacial catchment had much higher suspended sediment and TDS yields, together with higher denudation rates, than the non‐glacial catchment. Overall, glacial catchment was mainly dominated by physical denudation process, whereas the non‐glacial catchment was jointly influenced by physical and chemical denudation processes. The observed differences in material delivery patterns were mainly controlled by the runoff source and the glacial processes. The melting periods of glacier and snow were typically the most important time for the suspended sediment and TDS yields. Meanwhile, episodic precipitation events could generate disproportionately large yields. Subglacial hydrology dynamics, glaciers pluck and grind processes could affect erodibility, and the large quantities of dust stored on the glacier surface provided additional sources for suspended sediment transport in the glacial catchment. These mechanisms imply that, in response to climate change, the catchment behaviour will be modified significantly in this region, in terms of material flux. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.