大城市边缘区人居环境系统演变规律——以广州市为例

文章以广州市为例,揭示了大城市边缘区人居环境系统的演变规律:首先,人居环境系统演变过程可以划分为初期、中期、后期三个阶段,各阶段在城市化水平、经济发展状况、基础设施建设、社区形态、景观类型、土地利用等方面都呈现出显著的特征;其次,提出了人居环境容量概念,并借助于GIS空间分析方法,发现边缘区人口密度不断地增加,人居环境容量逐步趋于饱和;第三,大城市边缘区人居环境演变呈现出不均衡的周期性变化。在此基础上,借鉴Verhulst逻辑斯蒂方程与复合生态系统的动力学机制,构建了大城市边缘区人居环境演变的阶段性、生命周期与可持续发展模型。揭示大城市边缘区人居环境系统演变的规律,可为大城市边缘区人居环境系统优化调控提供理论依据,充实人居环境科学理论体系。     

基于规则的拓扑在地理国情普查空间数据质量检查中的应用

在研究ArcGIS基于规则的拓扑关系的基础上,探讨了基于规则的拓扑在第一次全国地理国情普查空间数据的质量检查中的应用,并以某县地理国情普查数据为例,进行拓扑关系的创建与验证。     

基于名画的数字地图设计初探

绘画艺术具有基于情感体验唤起思想的能力,名画作为绘画艺术作品具有色调丰富、对比度高及色彩和谐的特点,尝试将其应用到地图设计中有一定新意。本文简单介绍了色彩学基本原理,提出了一种基于名画的地图色彩设计方法。通过提取名画的调色板,并分析其色彩模式;结合传统的地图制图规则从构图和色彩方面进行地图设计,并进行效果对比分析。结果表明：在地图设计中,基于用户需求选用与制图区域视觉结构相似的绘画,可以更好地在地图上表现出绘画的色彩及感情特征;参考绘画的色彩模式实现地图要素与真实地物的关联,能在地图上反映出制图区域的景观色彩特征和文化精神风貌。因此,该方法对于指导地图色彩方案设计、以"用户为中心"的地图设计有一定的参考价值。     

Detecting the intertidal morphologic change using satellite data

Previous research has suggested that competitive bottlenecks may exist for the Mediterranean grey mullets (Osteichthyes, Mugilidae) at the fry stage with the exotic Cyprinus carpio (Osteichthyes, Cyprinidae) playing a central role. As a consequence, the structure of grey mullet assemblages at later stages is thought to reflect previous competition as well as differences in osmoregulatory skills. This paper tests that hypothesis by examining four predictions about the relative abundance of five grey mullet species in 42 Western Mediterranean estuary sites from three areas (Aiguamolls de l'Empordà, Ebro Delta and Minorca) differing in the salinity level and occurrence of C. carpio. Field data confirmed the predictions as: (1) Liza aurata and Mugil cephalus were scarce everywhere and never dominated the assemblage; (2) Liza saliens dominated the assemblage where the salinity level was higher than 13; (3) Liza ramado always dominated the assemblage where the salinity level was lower than 13 and C. carpio was present; and (4) Chelon labrosus dominated the assemblage only where the salinity level was lower than 13 and C. carpio was absent. The catch per unit effort of C. labrosus of any size was smaller in the presence of C. carpio than where it had not been introduced, which is in agreement with the juvenile competitive bottleneck hypothesis. Discriminant analysis confirmed that the assemblage structure was linked to the salinity level and the occurrence of C. carpio for both early juveniles and late juveniles as well as adults. The data reported here reveal that the structure of grey mullet assemblages inhabiting Mediterranean estuaries is determined by salinity and competitive interactions at the fry stage.     

Methods for ultimate limit state assessment of ships and ship-shaped offshore structures: Part I—Unstiffened plates

The present paper is Part I of a series of three papers prepared by the authors on the methods useful for ultimate limit state assessment of marine structures, that have been developed in the literature during the last few decades. It is considered that such methods are now mature enough to enter day-by-day design and strength assessment practice. The aims of the three papers are to conduct some benchmark studies of such methods on ultimate limit state assessment of (unstiffened) plates, stiffened panels, and hull girders of ships and ship-shaped offshore structures, using some candidate methods such as ANSYS nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA), DNV PULS, ALPS/ULSAP, ALPS/HULL, and IACS common structural rules (CSR) methods. As an illustrative example, an AFRAMAX-class hypothetical double hull oil tanker structure designed by CSR method is studied. In the present paper (Part I), the ultimate limit state assessment of unstiffened plates under combined biaxial compression and lateral pressure loads is emphasized using ANSYS, DNV PULS, and ALPS/ULSAP methods, and their resulting computations are compared. Part II will deal with methods for the ultimate limit state assessment of stiffened panels under combined biaxial compression and lateral pressure using ANSYS, DNV PULS, and ALPS/ULSAP methods, and Part III will treat methods for the progressive collapse analysis of the hull structure using ANSYS, ALPS/HULL, and IACS CSR methods.     

单轴压缩载荷作用下双裂隙扩展的CT扫描试验

由于精选后的陶瓷材料与岩石性质相似,因此选择陶瓷作为基本材料制作中部含2条圆币状裂隙的试件,进行单轴压缩荷载作用下的CT实时扫描试验,研究试件内双裂隙的扩展和损伤演化规律。采用3种不同区域划分方案,通过CT数、CT方差和CT图像的对比,分析上、下裂隙及岩桥区域不同的扩展状况。分析表明,上裂隙区域一直以压密为主,扩展很小,对试件破坏影响较小;下裂隙区域扩展剧烈,最终形成了宏观裂纹,对试件的破坏影响较大;当上下裂隙之间的中心距离等于4倍的裂隙半径时,裂隙的扩展过程将与裂隙自身参数有关,几乎看不出裂隙之间的相互作用。     

中国新疆博斯腾湖现代碳库效应研究

碳库效应存在影响了¹⁴C测年的准确性,制约了沉积物在湖泊研究中的应用。本文研究位于典型西风环流带的新疆博斯腾湖现代碳库效应,结合同位素地球化学、水化学等方法,探讨了博斯腾湖碳库效应的影响机制。研究结果表明,博斯腾湖最大现代碳库年龄为3535年,最小为现代碳,集中在670~945年。而过去碳库效应集中在1033~2200年。深水区表现为碳库年龄较小且稳定;在入湖口碳库效应最大,富水生植物浅水区碳库效应最小。与过去碳库年龄相比较,现代碳库效应整体表现更为年轻。研究发现,博斯腾湖口受流域外源“死”碳影响,深水区受湖水与大气CO₂交换率差异影响,富水生植物浅水区可能受水生植物光合作用影响。此外,核爆效应也对博斯腾湖现代碳库效应产生了影响,可能导致最高约1000年的年代误差。利用深水区放射性碳比活度(pMC)平均值与大气碳比活度差值(~18%),得出深水区沉积物存在约846年现代碳库效应,再经核爆效应校正后得出博斯腾湖存在最高约1800年碳库效应。     

Advances in terrestrial system research in China

Land surface is of spatial-temporal heterogeneity. Terrestrial system (TS) comprehensively studies on land surface and physical regionalization objectively describes geographical zonation of the system. China has a vast area with apparent spatial variations in resources and environmental conditions, which highly influence on socio-economic development. In this paper, progress of the TS studies in China is overviewed and research priorities in the near future are prospected. Since the 1950s, China has paid great attention to the TS study as its socio-economic development, and conducted research on physical geographical regionalization, eco-geographical regionalization and comprehensive regionalization. Along with the deepening of global change research, dynamics of TS have been highly concerned. During the studies, methodology has been developed from qualitative research of integration of experts’ brainpower gradually to quantitative research based on field observation and experiments of the natural processes, including physical, chemical and biological processes, as well as application of information technology and mathematical simulation. In the near future, TS would combine with the ideology, objectives and key researches of Future Earth program, to focus on the mechanism and regional effects of interaction among land surface elements, the response of TS to global change, the quantitative recognition on regional unit boundary, and the application to TS in sustainable socio-economic development.