波动方程基准面延拓研究进展

复杂的地表采集条件是地震偏移成像必须面对的问题．地形高程起伏变化较大,以及近地表低速层速度的横向变化,是导致反射地震数据非双曲时差特征的主要原因,严重影响了后续速度估计和偏移成像的精度．对于复杂地表条件,基于地表一致性的时移法静校正很难满足高精度资料处理的要求．波动方程基准面延拓方法不受地表一致性限制,很好地保持了波传播的动力学特征,而且在改善成像质量方面效果显著,应用广泛．本文探讨了消除地表因素影响的基准面延拓方法,对一些意义比较突出的方法进行了详细介绍．     

山区地形开阔度的分布式模型

 地形开阔度是影响山地辐射平衡及其分量的重要地形因子,是山区散射辐射、地形反射辐射等计算的重要参数。在复杂的地形条件下,地形开阔度的计算很难用数学公式描述。 利用数字高程模型（DEM）,全面考虑了坡地自身遮蔽和周围地形相互遮蔽的影响,提出了山区地形开阔度的分布式模型和算法。以1 km×1 km分辨率的DEM数据作为地形的综合反映,计算了起伏地形下中国地形开阔度的空间分布。同时,利用100 m和1 km两个分辨率的DEM数据,从不同DEM分辨率和不同地貌类型两个方面探讨了地形开阔度的空间尺度效应,阐明了区域地形开阔度随地形地貌和空间分辨率的变化规律。所提供的山地开阔度的数据可作为基础地理数据供相关研究应用。     

现代海底热液柱中锰元素的分析及其地球化学

研究锰在热液中的地球化学性质对于更好地了解热液在海洋中的循环过程和扩散情况很有意义,虽然影响热液中锰的地球化学性质的因素很多,但锰确实是示踪热液活动的最敏感、最有效的元素之一。主要总结了现代海底热液柱中锰元素的分析方法进展,同时对热液柱中锰元素的地球化学特征进行了研究。     

冰后期最大海侵以来长江口潮波特性的变化

冰后期最大海侵时,现今长江三角洲地区为一巨大河口湾,研究古长江河口湾及其周围海域的潮波特性,并与现今长江口的进行对比,有助于深入了解长江三角洲形成发育的动力过程。根据冰后期最大海侵时古长江河口湾及其周围海域３５个计算站一个半日潮周期的潮位、潮流过程曲线得知,冰后期最大海侵时古长江河口 及其周围海域的潮波为驻波以及驻波－前进波混合型。此后,丰古长江河口被充填、长江口东进南移,长江口的潮波也逐渐转 变     

Evolving patterns of the fluids within the TAG hydrothermal field

The mixing of seawater/hydrothermal fluid within the large seafloor hydrothermal sulfide deposits plays a key role in the formation processes of the sulfide deposits. Some issues attract considerable attentions in the study of seafloor hydrothermal system in recent years, such as the relationships among different types of vent fluids, the characteristics of chemical compositions and mineral assemblages of the hydrothermal deposits and their governing factors. Combined with the measured data of hydrothermal fluid in the TAG field, the thermodynamic model of mixing processes of the heated seawater at different temperatures and the hydrothermal fluid is calculated to understand the precipitation mechanism of anhydrite and the genetic relationships between the black and white smoker fluids within the TAG mound. The results indicate that the heating of seawater and the mixing of hydrothermal fluid/seawater are largely responsible for anhydrite precipitation and the temperature of the heated seawater is not higher than 150°C and the temperature of the end-member hydrothermal fluid is not lower than 400°C. Based on the simulated results, the evolving patterns of fluids within the TAG deposit are discussed. The mixed fluid of the end-member hydrothermal fluid and the seawater heated by wall rock undergoes conductive cooling during upflowing within the deposit and forms “White Smoker” eventually. In addition, the end-member hydrothermal fluid without mixed with seawater, but undergoing conductive cooling, vents out of the deposit and forms “Black Smoker”. Supported by China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association Program (Grant No. DY115-02-1-01) and National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. G2000078503)     

电磁方法在海底多金属硫化物探测中的应用

海底硫化物矿体的三维展布是当前大洋调查急需解决的关键问题,在陆地上电磁方法一直是解决矿产资源三维问题的重要手段之一。2011年我国自主研发了调查海底多金属硫化物的瞬变电磁设备,并于2011年6月在中国大洋第22航次第5航段中的大西洋中脊“贝利珠”热液区( 13.2°S、14.4°W)进行了试验,取得了我国首批海底热液区的瞬变电磁资料。本文对这批资料进行初步分析,阐述一种新的海底硫化物探测方法及其试用结果,得到的视电阻率断面与热液区的实际有很好的对应关系,从2条测线的实测结果来看,设备的探测深度达到海底面以下50~100 m。在本次试用过程中,较好验证了自主研发的深海瞬变电磁设备、获得的数据以及探测深度的可靠性。     

Influence of complex topography on global solar radiation in the Yangtze River Basin

Global solar radiation（GSR） is the most direct source and form of global energy, and calculation of its quantity is highly complex due to influences of local topography and terrain inter-shielding. Digital elevation model（DEM） data as a representation of the complex terrain and multiplicity condition produces a series of topographic factors（e.g. slope, aspect, etc.）. Based on 1 km resolution DEM data, meteorological observations and NOAA-AVHRR remote sensing data, a distributed model for the calculation of GSR over rugged terrain within the Yangtze River Basin has been developed. The overarching model permits calculation of astronomical solar radiation for rugged topography and comprises a distributed direct solar radiation model, a distributed diffuse radiation model and a distributed terrain reflectance radiation model. Using the developed model, a quantitative simulation of the GSR space distribution and visualization has been undertaken, with results subsequently analyzed with respect to locality and terrain. Analyses suggest that GSR magnitude is seasonally affected, while the degree of influence was found to increase in concurrence with increasing altitude. Moreover, GSR magnitude exhibited clear spatial variation with respect to the dominant local aspect; GSR values associated with the sunny southern slopes were significantly greater than those associated with shaded slopes. Error analysis indicates a mean absolute error of 12.983 MJm-2 and a mean relative error of 3.608%, while the results based on a site authentication procedure display an absolute error of 22.621 MJm-2 and a relative error of 4.626%.     

我国海洋水下观测网发展战略思考

海洋观测已呈现陆、海、空联合组网观测形式,这是海洋观测发展的必然趋势和未来走向。但我国在海洋水下观测能力方面极其薄弱,特别是与国际海洋发达国家相比存在较大差距,本文主要整理了国外水下观测网发展的有关政策、重点项目及技术装备,并对我国面临的海洋发展形势进行了分析,提出了我国海洋水下观测网发展战略建议,供有关管理人员和科研人员参考。     

WorldView-2影像双介质摄影测量的浅海地形测绘试验

主要研究利用高分辨率WorldView-2卫星影像和双介质立体摄影测量方法进行浅海地形测绘的可行性,同时解决双介质立体摄影测量精定位算法(即折射改正算法)适用性差的问题。首先依据通用的双介质物像几何关系,提出了一种普适的双介质立体摄影测量折射改正算法;然后以海南省三沙市甘泉岛、珊瑚岛周围浅海区域为试验场,利用两个地区的WorldView-2立体影像,运用双介质立体摄影测量方法进行了浅海地形测绘试验。试验成功提取到了两个地区浅海海底的数字高程模型(DEM)。其中,甘泉岛地区的浅海DEM精度达到2.08 m(剔除其中的高程异常点后的结果)。研究表明:提出的折射改正算法,无论"空中同名光线延长线是否相交"都是适用的,且能改善浅海地形测绘精度。在水体清澈、无海浪情况下,利用相应的WorldView-2立体影像和双介质立体摄影测量方法进行浅海地形测绘是可行的。     

小尺度地幔对流与海底地形抬升

根据建立的垂直于大洋中脊的二维热对流有限元数值模型，采用常粘性以及与温度相关的粘性两种粘性结构对小尺度地幔对流对海底地形的影响进行了重新研究。该模型的主要特点是采用开放边界条件，从而可以避免原有封闭模型因回流问题而产生的复杂效应。数据结果显示，在常粘性模型中，小尺度地幔对流可造成海底地形抬升；但对与温度相关的粘性模型，小尺度对流对地形几乎不产生影响。