Modeling the functional influence of vegetation type on streambank cohesion

The important role of vegetation in adding cohesion and stabilizing streambanks has been widely recognized in several aspects of fluvial geomorphology, including stream restoration and studies of long‐term channel change. Changes in planform between braided, meandering, and anabranching forms have been attributed to the impacts of vegetation on hydraulic roughness and bank stability. However, these studies focus either on flume studies where analog vegetation is used, or case studies featuring one species, which is commonly invasive. We present functional differences of bank‐stabilizing root characteristics and added cohesion, with vegetation categorized as woody and non‐woody and by the vegetation groups of trees, shrubs, graminoids, and forbs. We analyzed root morphology and tensile strength of 14 species common to riparian areas in the southern Rocky Mountains, in field sites along streambanks in the montane and subalpine zones of the Colorado Front Range. Using the vegetation root component (RipRoot) of a physically‐based bank stability model (BSTEM), we estimated the added cohesion for various sediment textures with the addition of each of the 14 species. Significant differences exist between woody and non‐woody vegetation and between the four vegetation categories with respect to the coefficient of the root tensile strength curve, lateral root extent, and maximum root diameter. Woody vegetation (trees and shrubs) have higher values of all three parameters than non‐woody species. Tree roots add significantly more cohesion to streambanks than forb roots. Additionally, rhizomes may play an important role in determining the reach‐scale effects of roots on bank stabilization. Differences in root characteristics and added cohesion among vegetation categories have several important implications, including determining the likelihood of planform change, developing guidelines for the use of bank‐stabilizing vegetation, and linking the effect of vegetation to geomorphic structure that can benefit ecosystem functioning. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中亚热带米槠次生林和杉木人工林细根养分含量特征

细根(≤2 mm)在调节森林生态系统的生物地球化学循环中起着较为重要的作用,但目前对不同土层细根化学计量的认识非常有限.本研究在福建省三明陈大国有林场内对米槠次生林和杉木人工林不同土层细根养分含量特征进行了研究.结果显示:(1)杉木人工林0～10 cm、60～80 cm土层0～1 mm细根碳浓度显著高于米槠次生林,10...     

从柯石英和"大陆深俯冲"到全球构造运动原动力的思考

大陆深俯冲与快速折返假说提出20年来一直存在争论.大陆深俯冲中需要地幔对流拖拽,但存在大陆根的事实和30亿年中在上地幔固定深度缓慢生长的大颗粒金刚石实物证据,表明地幔并未发生大规模对流.目前大地构造学的主流理论本质上是"热机类理论",地幔热对流是这部热机的驱动原动力.对地幔对流的质疑表明,摆脱"热机类理论"的束缚,开展...     

枯落物处理对森林土壤碳氮转化过程影响研究综述

在全球变化背景下,植物枯落物输入的改变对森林生态系统土壤有机质的形成和稳定具有重要作用．通过论述近年来国内外在森林枯落物添加和去除处理（DIRT）对土壤有机质影响的最新研究进展,包括枯落物添加和去除对土壤碳氮贮量、土壤呼吸及其激发效应、土壤氮循环、土壤可溶性有机质以及土壤微生物、酶活性和小动物的影响,提出未来的可能研究方向,以期为国内该领域的研究提供参考．     

新生代以来中国大陆岩石圈尺度的大地构造分区

基于大陆根柱构造概念，讨论了新生代以来大陆岩石圈尺度的大地构造分枢，地壳浅部主要表现为３种形态，即西部挤压造山带、东部大陆裂谷带和中部克拉通块体群，它们分别对应山根与造山岩石圈根、地幔热柱和大陆（岩石圈）根，认为浅部构造开矿对对壳幔深部构造的一种响应，简述了地于岩石圈度的３个大地构造单元的软流圈     

导线网方差分量估计的综合研究

提出方差分量估计的多余观测分量平均匹配方式；总结出导线网方差分量估计定权的基本规律，并给出其权增量循环算法和特征根法以及将两个实对称矩阵同时对角化的实用方法。     

An evaluation of surface-mine spoils area restoration in wyoming using rainfall simulation

A recently developed rainfall simulator was used to apply ‘rainstorms’ on restored spoils areas at two coal mining sites in Wyoming. Runoff and sediment yield were considerably greater from the reworked areas compared to similar measurements on nearby undisturbed areas. This may possibly be attributed to the fact that in the disturbed areas mean slopes were generally greater, there was more clay at the surface, and concentration of roots was not as great as in the undisturbed areas. The rainfall simulator appears to be a valuable tool in determining baseline data for later comparison with data form areas under rehabilitation.     

Analysis of coupled axial and lateral deformation of roots in soil

Plant roots can help to stabilise slopes. Existing analytical models to predict their mechanical contribution are however limited: they typically focus on the ultimate limit state, employ various empirical factors, and ignore much of the underlying root-soil interaction. A new model was developed based on large deflection Euler-Bernoulli elastic beam theory that can be used to study the mobilisation of root strength under various loading conditions (direct shear and pull-out). Both lateral and axial loading of the root by the soil were incorporated, based on existing methodologies for foundation piles (p-y and t-z curves). The model is able to take the key parameters into account (root biomechanical properties, root architectural properties, and soil properties) while remaining quick to solve using a numerical boundary value problem solver. The model was compared with experimental direct shear test data using various root analogues (rubber, plastic, and wood) in dry sand with various densities and effective stress levels and was able to accurately predict the measured shear force-displacement behaviour. Comparison with experimentally measured pull-out force-displacement curves using rubber and wooden root analogues with various architectures in dry and partially saturated sands was also satisfactory. In the future, this model can aid with addressing long-standing problems in the root-reinforcement community: quantifying the effect of (sequential) mobilisation of root strength in direct shear, the effect of the angle at which the root crosses a shear plane, the effect of root topology on root-reinforcement or the effect of root bending, and root shear shear forces on root-reinforcement.     

新疆3种主要森林类型根系生物量变化特征研究

根系生物量是准确评估森林生态系统碳储量及碳汇功能的一个重要数据。采用标准木全收获法研究了新疆3种主要森林树种根系生物量,并分析了其在垂直梯度上的分配规律和随年龄的变化特点。结果表明：（1）新疆杨、西伯利亚落叶松和阿勒泰冷杉根系总生物量分别为43.409、42.152 t/hm²和16.19 t/hm²;（2）根系生物量随土壤深度增加迅速减少,约88.37%以上的根系生物量集中分布在0～40 cm土层中,在超过40 cm土层中,根系生物量降至较低水平（约为8.3%）;（3）随林分年龄的增长,各林分根系总生物量呈递增趋势,在中龄林根系生物量增长速率达到最大。各级根系中粗根、中根及细根生物量随年龄的增长所占比例呈现递减规律,而其根桩和毛细根生物量差异较大,所占比例随年龄的增大基本呈增大趋势;（4）在表层土壤中各林分在林木的幼龄及中龄阶段根系生物量都处于较高比例,之后呈下降趋势后维持在一定水平基本不变,而深层土壤中各林分在幼龄阶段都处于一个较低的水平,后以一定比例逐渐增长;（5）新疆杨、西伯利亚落叶松和阿勒泰冷杉根系年平均生产力分别为：1.070 8 t·hm^-2·a^-1、1.014 4 t·hm^-2·a^-1和0.910 7 t·hm^-2·a^-1。     

Comprehensive study on the estimation of the variance components of traverse nets

This paper advances a new simplified formula for estimating variance components,sums up the basic law to calculate the weights of observed values and a circulation method using the increaments of weights when estimating the variance components of traverse nets,advances the charicteristic roots method to estimate the variance components of traveres nets and presents a practical method to make two real and symmetric matrices two diagonal ones.