砾石直径和补灌量对砂田西瓜根系分布的影响

采用剖面取样分析方法对砂田西瓜4种补灌量（0 mm,23 mm,4 mm 5和68 mm）和三种粒径（2~5 mm,5~20 mm和20~60 mm）砾石覆盖及不覆盖对照的根系分布进行了研究。结果表明,砂田西瓜有一个发达的根系,根系最长可扩展到1.5 m的深度,但83%以上的根系集中在1 m以上的土层,西瓜田覆盖砾石比对照的根系长度密度增加75%以上。砾石直径20~60 mm的覆盖处理,RLD显著高于2~5 mm直径的处理,降雨量较高的2002年,顶部50 cm土层有更多的根系,降雨量少的年份,下部土层的根系明显增多,但整个土层的总根系长度低于降雨较多的年份。2001年补灌45 mm和68 mm处理的根系长度密度明显高于不补灌的处理,但2002年随补灌量的增加,下部土层根系长度密度减少。降雨少的2001年,补灌增加了西瓜根系的长度密度、蒸散量、产量和水分生产率,而降雨多的2002年,补灌后根系长度密度减少,水分生产率降低。不同直径的砾石覆盖,产量没有显著差别,但由于大粒径砾石覆盖增加了土壤蒸发,虽然根系长度密度增加,但水分生产率降低。结果说明,砾石直径、降雨和补灌量对砂田西瓜的根系分布有明显的影响,用5~20 mm粒径砾石覆盖,并保持适度的水胁迫不仅有利于根系的扩展,而且能提高西瓜的水分利用率。     

植物根系对土体抗剪强度影响的研究

通过室内直剪实验分析了不同含水率下有根和无根的扰动砾砂土体的抗剪性能。得出:在相同含水率下,有根土体相对于无根土体其内聚力较小,内摩擦角较大;有根土体的抗剪强度随含水率的增大而减小。最后为其在工程中的应用提出了一些建议,可为植物根系护坡技术的应用提供一定的借鉴意义。     

Low-Tide Exposure of Sponges in a Caribbean Mangrove Community

Abstract. Sponges on subtidal red-mangrove prop roots may become exposed to air many times per year during very low tides. Full exposure is stressful and potentially fatal, particularly if occurring in full sun. Large root sponges show distinct species zonation between mean low water and -0.5 m. Haliclona implexiformis and Lissodendoryx isodictyalis are near the top while Scopalina ruetzleri are near the lower end of the range. Temporary experimental desiccation resulted in 100% recovery of all three species after they had been exposed to either sun or shade for up to 2 h. Scopalina is the least resistant and lost over 90% tissue within 3 days after the 4-h and 6-h experiments; the remaining cell mass succumbed to infestation by microbes. Haliclona and Lissodendoryx recovered from as much as 6 h in full sun but lost 85% and 80% of the original tissue volume, respectively. In Lissodendoryx , clusters of larvae developed in the regenerating fragments. Water loss tolerated by the three species is estimated as 66% of wet weight in Haliclona , 54% in Lissodendoryx and 38% in Scopalina . Salinity of interstitial seawater (pore water) extracted from exposed sponges rose from ambient 3.5% to 4.348% after 1 h, to 5.1–5.9% after 6 h. Most endobionts died or left their host during this last phase. Natural vertical zonation in these sponges reflects their resistance to tidal exposure.     

Hydraulic redistribution by deeply rooted grasses and its ecohydrologic implications in the southern Great Plains of North America

Perennial bioenergy crops with deep (>1 m) rooting systems, such as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), are hypothesized to increase carbon storage in deep soil. Deeply rooted plants may also affect soil hydrology by accessing deep soil water for transpiration, which can affect soil water content and infiltration in deep soil layers, thereby affecting groundwater recharge. Using stable H and O isotope (δ²H and δ¹⁸O) and ³H values, we studied the soil water conditions at 20–30 cm intervals to depths of 2.4–3.6 m in paired fields of switchgrass and shallow rooted crops at three sites in the southern Great Plains of North America. We found that soil under switchgrass had consistently higher soil water content than nearby soil under shallow-rooted annual crops by a margin of 15%–100%. Soil water content and isotopic depth profiles indicated that hydraulic redistribution of deep soil water by switchgrass roots explained these observed soil water differences. To our knowledge, these are the first observations of hydraulic redistribution in deeply rooted grasses, and complement earlier observations of dynamic soil water fluxes under shallow-rooted grasses. Hydraulic redistribution by switchgrass may be a strategy for drought avoidance, wherein the plant may actively prevent water limitation. This raises the possibility that deeply rooted grasses may be used to passively subsidize soil water to more shallow-rooted species in inter-cropping arrangements.     

木荷天然林根系分解和养分释放及化学组成变化

运用尼龙网袋法,在福建建瓯万木林自然保护区木荷天然林里进行木荷根系（按直径大小分成0～1 mm、1～2 mm、2～4 mm 3个级别）分解研究.在为期720天的时间里,网袋中所有细根分解均表现出2个快慢不同的阶段.细根在0—360天内分解速度较快,3个径级干质量损失率分别达47.8%、57.2%、39.5%,在后期360—720天内分解速率显著下降.3个径级细根分解过程中N、P浓度都呈现上升趋势;细根化学组成分析显示：不同径级细根的可萃取物浓度呈下降趋势、酸不溶性物质浓度呈上升趋势,酸溶性物质浓度变化平缓.相关分析表明：不同径级细根分解速率与其底物质量指标中的初始N、P养分浓度、可萃取物浓度之间存在显著正相关关系,而与初始的C/P、酸不溶性物质/N、酸不溶性物质/P比呈显著负相关关系.     

额济纳旗胡杨根区水分运动参数的确定--利用Richard方程和气象资料推算

利用Richard方程和气象资料相结合的办法,确定了中国典型的干旱内陆河流──黑河下游额济纳旗地区主要成林的干旱荒漠天然乔木树种──胡杨林地的水分运动参数,主要有导水系数K、比水容量C和水分扩散率D。     

不同土地利用方式对黄土坡地土壤水稳性团聚体和总孔隙度的影响

通过测定土壤水稳性团聚体、总孔隙度、容重等物理性质,对延安梁峁山丘四种不同土地利用方式对土壤水稳性团聚体和总孔隙度的影响作了定量分析。结果表明,不同土地利用方式对土壤水稳性团聚体和总孔隙度的改善作用的大小顺序为草地>有林地>灌木林地>耕地。通过进一步分析四种土地利用方式下,土壤中直径≤1mm有效根根量的分布特征,发现不同土地利用方式下的土壤中,有效根根量的差异是造成这种不同影响的重要原因之一。     

地壳根、造山热与岩浆作用

简要讨论了近年来造山带及其岩浆作用研究的主要进展。造山带流变学结构与造山热和岩浆作用有着密切的耦合关系。年轻的山带往往存在地壳根,但古老的山带地壳根是否存在,取决于造山带的热状态和榴辉岩化的强度,只有缺乏流体和冷的造山带才保留有地壳根,例如古生代的南乌拉尔山和北美前寒武纪的南Trans-Hudson造山带。造山带的伸展塌陷往往伴随着幔源岩浆底侵、地壳软化、隆升和强烈岩浆作用。由于地幔浮力和造山热的作用,一些山带具有高的海拔和薄而热的地壳,属于具有长期活动性的构造带。研究表明,这些具有长期活动性的构造带,是建立在以前形成的热的、软化了的弧后区内。中国昆仑—秦岭—大别造山系北缘,古生代时期发育了与俯冲有关的弧岩浆带,而南缘发育了相近时代的与弧后伸展有关的双峰式岩浆带,构成古生代双岩浆带。该造山系早中生代的造山作用,就是在南缘的古生代弧后岩浆带基础上发展起来的。因此,该双岩浆带提供了造山热控制复合造山作用的实例。     

Investigating plant root effects on soil electrical conductivity: An integrated field monitoring and statistical modelling approach

Plants have been shown to affect soil water content and temperature. Previous studies were conducted mainly in forestry and agricultural soils, where conditions of soil and vegetation are different from those in an urban landscape. In an urban landscape, the influence of plant roots on electrical conductivity, soil water content and temperature is still not clear. This study aims to investigate the effects of soil water content and temperature on electrical conductivity in vegetated soils through an integrated field monitoring and computational modelling approach. A new relationship between soil electrical conductivity and water content as well as temperature is proposed. Field monitoring was conducted in both vegetated (tree species) and bare soils. The monitoring included measurements of soil water content, soil temperature and soil electrical conductivity. This was followed by response surface regression modelling. Measured results show that soil temperature at shallow depths was lower in vegetated soil than that in the bare soil. This observation was also consistent with the higher soil water content and hence, higher electrical conductivity under tree canopy. The model developed could predict nonlinear relationships between electrical conductivity and soil temperature and water content. Uncertainty analysis indicated normal distribution for electrical conductivity under variation of soil temperature and water content. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.