The Oligocene Lund Tuff, Great Basin, USA: a very large volume monotonous intermediate

Unusual monotonous intermediate ignimbrites consist of phenocryst-rich dacite that occurs as very large volume (>1000 km³) deposits that lack systematic compositional zonation, comagmatic rhyolite precursors, and underlying plinian beds. They are distinct from countless, usually smaller volume, zoned rhyolite–dacite–andesite deposits that are conventionally believed to have erupted from magma chambers in which thermal and compositional gradients were established because of sidewall crystallization and associated convective fractionation. Despite their great volume, or because of it, monotonous intermediates have received little attention. Documentation of the stratigraphy, composition, and geologic setting of the Lund Tuff – one of four monotonous intermediate tuffs in the middle-Tertiary Great Basin ignimbrite province – provides insight into its unusual origin and, by implication, the origin of other similar monotonous intermediates.The Lund Tuff is a single cooling unit with normal magnetic polarity whose volume likely exceeded 3000 km³. It was emplaced 29.02±0.04 Ma in and around the coeval White Rock caldera which has an unextended north–south diameter of about 50 km. The tuff is monotonous in that its phenocryst assemblage is virtually uniform throughout the deposit: plagioclase>quartz≈hornblende>biotite>Fe–Ti oxides≈sanidine>titanite, zircon, and apatite. However, ratios of phenocrysts vary by as much as an order of magnitude in a manner consistent with progressive crystallization in the pre-eruption chamber. A significant range in whole-rock chemical composition (e.g., 63–71 wt% SiO₂) is poorly correlated with phenocryst abundance.These compositional attributes cannot have been caused wholly by winnowing of glass from phenocrysts during eruption, as has been suggested for the monotonous intermediate Fish Canyon Tuff. Pumice fragments are also crystal-rich, and chemically and mineralogically indistinguishable from bulk tuff. We postulate that convective mixing in a sill-like magma chamber precluded development of a zoned chamber with a rhyolitic top or of a zoned pyroclastic deposit. Chemical variations in the Lund Tuff are consistent with equilibrium crystallization of a parental dacitic magma followed by eruptive mixing of compositionally diverse crystals and high-silica rhyolite vitroclasts during evacuation and emplacement. This model contrasts with the more systematic withdrawal from a bottle-shaped chamber in which sidewall crystallization creates a marked vertical compositional gradient and a substantial volume of capping-evolved rhyolite magma. Eruption at exceptionally high discharge rates precluded development of an underlying plinian deposit.The generation of the monotonous intermediate Lund magma and others like it in the middle Tertiary of the western USA reflects an unusually high flux of mantle-derived mafic magma into unusually thick and warm crust above a subducting slab of oceanic lithosphere.     

落石冲击混凝土棚洞力学特性研究

落石冲击棚洞结构作用过程复杂,缺乏统一的落石冲击力表达式。首先,将落石简化为刚性球体,基于Hertz接触理论,推导得到落石冲击力半正弦算法的理论表达式,考虑落石冲击下棚洞的非弹性特征,根据落石与材料碰撞过程中落石加速度曲线特征,采用函数拟合法推导得到落石法向冲击下其冲击力的理论计算方法;然后,基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件建立落石冲击棚洞数值计算模型,研究不同冲击速度下落石冲击棚洞动力特征;最后,与现存常见的多种方法进行对比,得出以下结论：Hertz半正弦法得到的落石冲击力远大于函数拟合法和数值法,而函数拟合法和数值法得到的落石冲击力时程曲线相接近,表明函数拟合法更能反映落石与棚洞接触碰撞动力关系;对比其他计算方法可以得到,Hertz算法适用于分析无能量损失下的弹性碰撞问题,而Logistic算法适用于材料大塑性变形的情况,弹塑性接触理论结果和动力有限元结果存在差异,而采用函数拟合推导的计算方法得到的落石最大冲击力和落石冲击作用时间与动力有限元法更接近,更能反映落石冲击棚洞动力响应特征,推导的落石冲击力计算方法可为工程实践中棚洞防护设计提供理论参考。     

青海玉树断裂带地震落石的地震地质意义

2010年青海玉树Ms 7.1级大地震引发了一系列次生地质灾害,其中地震落石是除地震滑坡外沿断裂带及其邻侧最常见的现象。对玉树震区落石的调查发现,该区多处存在非常典型的多期地震落石分布现象,指示该区地震落石的发育与其他古地震现象类似,具有多期性和一定的原地复发性。实地调查表明,该区地震落石分布的主要特征为:多集中发育在活动断裂带附近的陡峭基岩斜坡下方,分布零散,且滚动较远,并常与古地震滑坡相伴生。初步获得的8个地震落石钙膜U系测年结果分布在距今6030±300a BP、4720±210a BP、3530±490~3560±280a BP、2010±160a BP、1090±70a BP、760±20a BP和230±20a BP年龄段,与该区古地震探槽和滑坡反映的地震事件比较吻合,进一步揭示玉树断裂带附近在全新世中晚期发生过多期可导致地表产生地震落石的事件。同时也说明,地震落石及其钙膜测年是特别值得进一步探索的潜在古地震研究方法或途径。     

硬致密泥岩钻进的新型复合片钻头的研究与应用

介绍了一种新型齿形的复合片钻头，在硬致密泥岩中钻进，与常规复合片钻头相比，具有很高的钻进效率和高的钻头寿命，解决了泥岩钻进效率低的难题。     

图像目标形状匹配与视频过滤技术研究

通过研究图像目标形状特征的提取、匹配，运用随机过程，投影理论，提出用于识别目标形状统计特性的波动度特征，建立目标形状匹配函数，给出实际图像目标的匹配实现算法，实际系统测试表明该算法能准确、快速完成实际图像目标形状的匹配、过滤，为图像跟踪、识别及视频过滤等应用领域提供了新的可借鉴方法。     

星康吉鳗精子的超微结构研究

为探讨星康吉鳗(Conger myriaster)精子的超微结构和形态,应用扫描电镜和透射电镜对星康吉鳗精子结构进行观察。结果表明,精子由头部、中段和鞭毛3部分组成,有其独特的结构,总长度为35.75± 1.15µm。精子头部为新月形,主要由细胞核构成,细胞核内有核泡,无顶体结构。精子头部的质膜内包含单一的线粒体。精子头部长为3.33±0.16 um,头宽为1.12±0.13 um。在精子头部的凸面上,有4条从中段到头端的条纹。精子中段伸出一支根,支根位于精子的中段末端。精子中段长度为0.55±0.05 um,支根长度为1.38±0.08 um、直径为90.48±6.06 nm。精子尾部鞭毛细长,鞭毛横切面呈圆形,无侧鳍,鞭毛的轴丝结构为“9+0”型;一些鞭毛的末端呈现卷曲状,发育机制尚不明确。精子鞭毛长为31.16±1.51µm,鞭毛直径为0.17±0.01µm。通过比较分析发现精子的这些形态学特征不仅表现在星康吉鳗精子,还表现在鳗鲡目其他属的精子;表明是鳗鲡目精子的共同特征。本研究揭示了星康吉鳗精子的形态结构,为突破星康吉鳗人工繁殖技术提供了理论参考。     

On the hydraulic intake shape factor for a circular opening located at an impervious boundary: Influence of inclined stratification

In this paper, we develop an exact closed form solution for a circular entry point located at the interface between an impermeable material and a stratified porous medium, where the principal plane of hydraulic isotropy is inclined to the interface. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Developing the tools for geological shape analysis,with regional‐ to local‐scale examples from the Kalgoorlie Terrane of Western Australia

Geological map data are often underused in mineral‐exploration programs, which rely increasingly on regolith geochemistry and geophysical and other remotely sensed data to generate exploration targets. However, solid geology maps, which are progressively being upgraded due to improved interpretations of superior, remotely sensed images and airborne geophysical data, can be useful in targeting specific types of mineral deposits, which formed late in the evolutionary history of the host terrane. In such terranes, the present map geometry is essentially the same as that at the time of deposit formation. This is the case for orogenic lode‐gold deposits, which commonly show predictable structural controls and/or structural geometry. Thus, the shape of a rock body, or combinations of structures and rock bodies, may provide an important guide to the exploration potential for orogenic lode‐gold deposits. However, until recently, there has been a dearth of techniques to quantify the various properties of shape, and hence test the potential of the two‐dimensional shape of geological bodies in map view as an exploration tool. Integrating techniques from the field of pattern recognition with a modern Geographical Information System (GIS) can provide the shape‐analysis tools required to investigate the geometries of geological shapes. Two‐dimensional shape analysis is now possible through the calculation of several shape metrics including, but not restricted to, aspect ratio, blockiness, elongation, compactness, complexity, roundness, spreadness and squareness. Methods are developed for describing the geometries of rock units about mineral deposits, or any geological features, at any scale, which for the first time makes it possible to compare shapes. These shape‐analysis techniques are tested using orogenic lode‐gold deposits, particularly those in the Kalgoorlie Terrane of the highly auriferous Late Archaean Norseman‐Wiluna Belt of Western Australia. On a global scale, shape analysis indicates that those greenstone belts whose volcanic rock sequences have high elongation and relative low roundness, complexity and aspect ratio (e.g. Kalgoorlie Terrane) are likely to be the most richly endowed in gold. On a more local scale, characteristics of the shape of geological features around the Golden Mile deposit are calculated and used to test the likelihood of occurrence of gold deposits with similar geometry elsewhere in the Kalgoorlie Terrane. The area with the most closely matching shape, on the basis of a 2 km clipping‐circle radius, chosen on the basis of available proximity‐analysis data, corresponds to the recently discovered Ghost Crab deposit, illustrating the potential of the shape analysis methodology in mineral exploration. Shape analysis is, at least in part, scale dependent, due to the inherent problem of being able to define rock boundaries more precisely in units that have strong geophysical signatures than those with weak signatures in poorly exposed terranes. Overcoming this problem is a challenge to the application of this methodology.     

Geopotential from space techniques

The monitoring of the perturbed motion of artificial satellites since the 1960's has provided a valuable resource for improved activities in geodesy. These observations and the improved geodetic techniques they fostered have provided an unparalleled means for studying both the gravity field and the Earth's shape. In this paper, we will review the various determinations of the Earth's gravity field produced at many research centers over the years from space techniques. The specific methods which have been used to measure our planet, such as satellite altimetry and satellite orbital perturbation analyses (over short and long periods of time), will be compared.     

化简方法在线要素匹配中的应用及性能评估

多源同名线要素数据局部细节差异较大,但整体形态基本上是一致的,化简算法可以删除线要素的局部细节,提取其主要形态,从而有助于匹配算法提升匹配正确率。不同化简算法的化简效果存在差异,提升匹配正确率的效果也存在差异。本文提出了利用线要素匹配来评估化简算法性能的方法。首先,阐述了动态化简带动动态匹配的方法和过程;其次,采用3种不同的化简算法进行试验,验证了所提方法提高已有匹配算法匹配正确率的有效性,以及对化简算法的普遍适用性;最后,根据加入3种化简算法的不同匹配结果,从匹配的角度对化简算法适用性进行了比较评估。