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971.
Two-phase flow in fractured rock is an important phenomenon for a range of practical problems, not the least of which is
non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) contamination of groundwater. Although multiphase systems have long been studied in the petroleum
field, in the hydrogeological field progress has only just reaches the point where models are being developed. Scale effect
is one of the main issues of concern. Although models presented in this paper have the potential to provide useful predictions,
they can only be used to investigate a variety of possible scenarios with parameters being specified in the form of distribution
of values. The calibration and validation of all but the simplest of these models poses a formidable task, with great demands
on hydrogeologists and geophysicists to provide adequate data.
Received: 20 May 1996 · Accepted: 19 August 1996 相似文献
972.
The response of deformable fractures to changes in fluid pressure controls phenomena ranging from the flow of fluids near wells to the propagation of hydraulic fractures. We developed an analysis designed to simulate fluid flows in the vicinity of asperity‐supported fractures at rest, or fully open fractures that might be propagating. Transitions between at‐rest and propagating fractures can also be simulated. This is accomplished by defining contact aperture as the aperture when asperities on a closing fracture first make contact. Locations on a fracture where the aperture is less than the contact aperture are loaded by both fluid pressure and effective stress, whereas locations where the aperture exceeds the contact aperture are loaded only by fluid pressure. Fluid pressure and effective stress on the fracture are determined as functions of time by solving equations of continuity in the fracture and matrix, and by matching the global displacements of the fracture walls to the local deformation of asperities. The resulting analysis is implemented in a numerical code that can simulate well tests or hydraulic fracturing operations. Aperture changes during hydraulic well tests can be measured in the field, and the results predicted using this analysis are similar to field observations. The hydraulic fracturing process can be simulated from the inflation of a pre‐existing crack, to the propagation of a fracture, and the closure of the fracture to rest on asperities or proppant. Two‐dimensional, multi‐phase fluid flow in the matrix is included to provide details that are obscured by simplifications of the leakoff process (Carter‐type assumptions) used in many hydraulic fracture models. Execution times are relatively short, so it is practical to implement this code with parameter estimation algorithms to facilitate interpretation of field data. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
973.
姜修道 《地球科学与环境学报》1995,(2)
驾鹿金矿床是小秦岭金矿带中一个比较特殊的矿床类型,产于古老韧性剪切带中,围岩蚀变强烈而广泛,尤其是成脉前的钾长石化。蚀变带及其中的石英脉控制了金矿体的产出,矿床属蚀变岩型金矿,成矿时代为燕山晚期.本文在论述矿床地质特征的基础上,通过稳定同位素研究,认为燕山期构造热事件是成矿的主导控制因素,成矿溶液来自大气降水,成矿物质则部分来自太华群,部分来自上覆中元古界高山河组,矿床成因属大气降水热液矿床. 相似文献
974.
Inglis [1] has solved the problem of distribution of stress in an elastic plate around an elliptical hole. His works clarify the role of cracks in the failure of an elastic material. However, his solution cannot be applied to saturated clay because he considers only total stresses, while, in saturated clay, the criterion of rupture should be expressed in terms of effective and not total stresses. The solution of Atkinson and Craster [2] using Biot's poroelasticity theory, shows that there is no high pore pressure in the vicinity of the crack tips for saturated clay. The major difference between this approach and the Biot's theory of is that, in saturated clay, strain is a function of the variation of the effective stress [3], while, in poroelastic media, strain is only a function of the variation of the total stress [4, Equation 2.2]. Also in their solution there is continuity between the pore fluid and the inner fluid in the crack. Their solution is valid for poroelastic media involving a movement of the pore fluid. In our solution there is no movement of the pore fluid (Undrained condition). In this paper we have solved the same problem as Inglis [1], but for the particular case of saturated clay obeying elastic law. By solving this problem we obtained the expressions for pore pressure, effective stress, total stress and displacements. The results show that not only the total stress but also the pore pressure and the effective stress are also high in the vicinity of the crack tips. A new failure criterion, based on Griffith's strain energy principle [5] and maximum tensile stress [6], valid for saturated clay is developed in this paper. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
975.
976.
辽宁省大石桥-吉洞峪一带出露的主要为古元古代的变质层状岩系,由云母片岩、长英质粒岩和大理类组成。区域上形成一大型北东向的复式向斜构造。复向斜南北两翼变质地层对比问题是辽吉东部辽河岩群研究的主要内容之一。作者根据五年来在大石桥-吉洞峪一带进行1∶5万区调所获得的新资料,从标志层及组合标志层、岩相学特征、主要标志层的岩石化学和稀土地球化学特征、变质作用演化等方面的研究入手,讨论了复向斜两翼变质地层对比的问题。结果表明,辽河岩群构成复向斜南北两翼的变质地层是完全可以对比的,从而进一步证实辽河岩群是一个不可分割的整体 相似文献
977.
河南省嵩箕地区登封群变质杂岩,原岩为一套造山带和岛弧的中基性、少部分为酸性的火山岩组合。其中郭家窑组为基性,常窑组、石牌河组逐渐向酸性火山岩过渡,石梯沟组属正常沉积岩系列。该群微量元素丰度值与地壳克拉克值相比,普遍偏低,其中Rb、Sr、Ba、F、Li等元素明显偏低。 相似文献
978.
Ahmed M.Al-QAHTANI 《世界地质(英文版)》2001,4(2)
The microfractures and natural fractures studies have a great significance in the hydrocarbon accumulation exploration and can be a good supporter for wide geophysical study on the major structures. This paper is a brief review on microcracks and overpressure- induced fracture. It is to discuss different views on the mechanism of fractures in the subsurface of the earth. 相似文献
979.
矿山废石淋溶对水环境的影响 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
为了研究废石堆砌对水环境的影响,通过对废石做淋溶实验,分析了出入水的水质变化规律,对废石衍生环境效应的过程、机制、影响因素方面进行讨论,揭示了人们容易忽视的酸性水中硫酸根、总硬度、微量金属离子的动力学变化机理,指出矿山废石对水环境的污染不至限于使水质酸化,硫酸根、总硬度也会大幅度提高,废石堆放应充分考虑当地的地理气候及水文条件,合理堆放,减少污染。 相似文献
980.