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141.
David K. Keefer 《Surveys in Geophysics》2002,23(6):473-510
Post-earthquake field investigations of landslide occurrence have provided a basis for understanding, evaluating, and mapping the hazard and risk associated withearthquake-induced landslides. This paper traces thehistorical development of knowledge derived from these investigations. Before 1783, historical accounts of the occurrence of landslides in earthquakes are typically so incomplete and vague that conclusions based on these accounts are of limited usefulness. For example, the number of landslides triggered by a given event is almost always greatly underestimated. The first formal, scientific post-earthquake investigation that included systematic documentation of the landslides was undertaken in the Calabria region of Italy after the 1783 earthquake swarm. From then until the mid-twentieth century, the best information on earthquake-induced landslides came from a succession ofpost-earthquake investigations largely carried out by formal commissions that undertook extensive ground-based field studies. Beginning in the mid-twentieth century, when the use of aerial photography became widespread, comprehensive inventories of landslide occurrence have been made for several earthquakes in the United States, Peru, Guatemala, Italy, El Salvador, Japan, and Taiwan. Techniques have also been developed for performing ``retrospective' analyses years or decades after an earthquake that attempt to reconstruct the distribution of landslides triggered by the event. The additional use of Geographic Information System (GIS) processing and digital mapping since about 1989 has greatly facilitated the level of analysis that can applied to mapped distributions of landslides. Beginning in 1984, syntheses of worldwide and national data on earthquake-induced landslides have defined their general characteristics and relations between their occurrence and various geologic and seismic parameters. However, the number of comprehensive post-earthquake studies of landslides is still relatively small, and one of the most pressing needs in this area of research is for the complete documentation of landslides triggered by many more earthquakes in a wider variety of environments. 相似文献
142.
Wibjörn Karlén & Jessica L. Black 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2002,84(3&4):225-232
Two lichenometric techniques were compared in a study of lichen growth–rate in northern Sweden. The first technique, based on the maximum lichen diameter on glacier moraines, was identical to the technique used in the 1970s, whereas the other utilized the lichen diameter measured on 100 randomly selected boulders. The results indicate that it does not matter which technique is chosen, as long as the technique is used consistently on both the calibration surfaces and the surfaces to be dated. The use of data from both the 1970s and the 2000s increased the number of calibration surfaces available. The new calibration curve indicates that the age of Little Ice Age moraines was underestimated by up to about 30 years in the study conducted in the 1970s. 相似文献
143.
Detailed study on the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of arctic marine sediments 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Norbert R. Nowaczyk 《Geophysical Journal International》2003,152(2):302-317
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148.
从江县翁浪金矿床容矿岩石与围岩蚀变及其找矿标志 总被引:1,自引:7,他引:1
文章简单介绍了构造蚀变岩型金矿翁浪金矿床的容矿岩石和围岩蚀变特征,指出该类矿床的找矿标志,对进一步寻找此类矿床有一定的意义。 相似文献
149.
金山金矿热液蚀变粘土矿物特征及水-岩反应环境研究 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8
粘土矿物是流体作用过程中水—岩反应的产物,因此其特征反映了流体活动的特征和水-岩反应的环境。金山金矿蚀变粘土矿物主要由伊利石和绿泥石组成,其中,蚀变糜棱岩中的伊利石含量大于绿泥石含量;而蚀变超糜棱岩中的绿泥石含量大于伊利石含量。蚀变糜棱岩中伊利石的多型为2M1,超糜棱岩中为2M1和1M。金山金矿蚀变绿泥石的成份分析结果表明其为富铁绿泥石,由蠕绿泥石、铁镁绿泥石和密绿泥石组成,绿泥石中Fe、Mg质组分不仅来自围岩,而且也有一部分来自流体。利用地质温度计计算绿泥石的形成温度为206-258℃,流体的f(O2)为10^29.56~10^-31.48。本文认为金山金矿热液蚀变为酸性蚀变,其环境为还原环境,流体作用的水/岩比较高;在水—岩反应过程中,流体中的Fe、Mg、Si为带出组分。粘土矿物的形成机制为溶解—迁移—沉淀。 相似文献
150.
贵州寒武系底部黑色硅质岩成因及沉积环境探讨 总被引:14,自引:1,他引:14
贵州寒武系底部形成的黑色层状硅质岩,岩石展布广,层位稳定,厚度较大。硅质岩的δ^30Si值为—0.1‰~0.9‰,平均0.314‰;δ^18O值为12.8‰~21.2‰,通过δ^18O值计算出该区硅质岩形成温度82.2~162.5℃;硅质岩富含Ba、As、Sb、Bi和U,呈明显的Ce负异常。硅质岩的地球化学特征表明其主要成因是热水沉积作用。同时由于硅质岩主要是热水来源,所以在讨论其形成环境时还结合了岩相古地理的方法,指出该套硅质岩形成于深水缓坡至浅水滞流海环境之中。 相似文献