On Squatters,Settlers and Early Surveyors: historical development of country road reserves in southern New South Wales

Country roads are an important social, economic and ecological component of agricultural landscapes in many parts of New South Wales. Using the Lockhart Shire Council area as a case study, this paper describes how present-day rural road networks are a historical vestige of past land-use decisions; a collection of Travelling Stock Routes, pastoral boundaries of early squatters, rail reserves, county and parish boundaries, and an ad hoc collection of mostly 1 chain (20.12 m) roads surveyed during the late 1800s. Road reserves were allocated across the landscape at the discretion of early surveyors, so new land titles could access vital water resources. Nineteenth-century surveyors faced many difficulties in surveying the extent of NSW, sometimes resulting in misalignments which today give ‘character’ to many country roads. Road reserves were often surveyed 2 or 3 chains wide to allow for predicted usage and provide materials for road construction. In the 1870s, Travelling Stock Routes of varying widths from 1 to 80 chains wide (one mile) were gazetted, which often form an integral part of many country road networks. In this way, present-day conservation values of many road reserves is a direct legacy of land policies, administrators and surveyors on the landscape today.     

基于多因素椭圆堆叠的岩土细观建模方法

天然岩土体具有复杂的细观结构和组成特征,现有细观建模方法难以解决任意粒径、长短轴比、倾角以及平面分布特征的多因素岩土体细观建模问题。为此基于椭圆的4段圆弧等效,结合改进的分组波前堆叠法,实现了任意粒径、长短轴比、倾角以及平面分布的快速高体积率椭圆堆叠,并以此建立了与堆叠椭圆粒径、长短轴比、倾角以及平面分布一致的凸多边形结构。与现有的椭圆堆叠ALA法和圆盘堆叠ODR方法相比,提出的方法具有更高的椭圆堆叠体积率和堆叠效率,MATLAB环境下椭圆堆叠效率为500～600个/s。与现有仅能考虑颗粒粒径分布的岩土细观建模GBM法相比,提出的方法可以同时考虑颗粒的粒径、长轴、倾角,以及平面分布4个因素,快速生成任意粒径、长短轴比、倾角以及平面分布的颗粒堆积,并建立与椭圆分布一致的岩石细观结构。通过两个岩土体细观建模案例分析表明,所提方法可以提高岩土体模型的细观建模精度与生成效率。     

Modeling for critical state line of granular soil with evolution of grain size distribution due to particle breakage

Determination of the critical state line(CSL)is important to characterize engineering properties of granular soils.Grain size distribution(GSD)has a significant influence on the location of CSL.The influence of particle breakage on the CSL is mainly attributed to the change in GSD due to particle breakage.However,GSD has not been properly considered in modeling the CSL with influence of particle breakage.This study aims to propose a quantitative model to determine the CSL considering the effect of GSD.We hypothesize that the change of critical state void ratio with respect to GSD is caused by the same mechanism that influences of the change of minimum void ratio with respect to GSD.Consequently,the particle packing model for minimum void ratio proposed by Chang et al.(2017)is extended to predict critical state void ratio.The developed model is validated by experimental results of CSLs for several types of granular materials.Then the evolution of GSD due to particle breakage is incorporated into the model.The model is further evaluated using the experimental results on rockfill material,which illustrates the applicability of the model in predicting CSL for granular material with particle breakage.     

一个矩形件排样的较优算法

矩形件排样在工业上有广泛的应用,目标是使下料过程中的切割损失减少到最小,使得原材料的利用率最高.在矩形件排放算法——“基于最低水平线的搜索算法”的基础上,提出了一种改进的矩形优化排样算法,改进算法能够将小的空闲区域合并,然后加以利用,因此能够在一定程度上提高卷材的利用率.通过比较要排放矩形件的长宽与空闲区域的尺寸大小,最终确定矩形件的较优排放次序及矩形件在卷材上的确切排放位置.试验结果表明,改进算法在提高材料利用率方面具有可行性和有效性特征.     

急倾斜煤层工作面下端头区巷旁充填技术研究

采用理论分析与实践、实测相结合的方法,对急倾斜煤层工作面下端头区沿空留巷技术理论及系统工艺问题进行探讨,弄清了充填体受力的影响因素,提出了急倾斜煤层巷旁充填工艺系统。研究表明,急倾斜煤层巷旁充填体承载受采空区矸石有效充填长度、煤层赋存倾角、充填体筑设宽度以及煤岩赋存厚度的影响,受顶底板锚索安设的影响较小;单轴压缩条件下矸石碎块的承载变形规律呈阶段特征,且每一阶段内的应力-应变近似呈线性关系;充填体的承载与变形随着距离工作面位置的不同具有阶段特征,距离工作面煤壁越远,充填体承载变形率越小;以七台河新强煤矿生产实际为背景,现场实践证明,急倾斜煤层矸石混凝土充填工艺系统实施方便、操作简单,沿空留巷整体效果较为明显。     

沿空留巷上覆岩层关键块稳定性力学分析及巷旁充填体宽度确定

由于沿空留巷服务时间较长,巷道围岩变形较大,合理地计算巷旁充填体宽度至关重要。根据沿空留巷上覆岩层的活动规律,建立了关键块和直接顶的力学模型,分析了关键块与沿空留巷围岩相互作用机制,推导出巷旁支护阻力的计算公式,并引入了关键块稳定性系数K1、K2及其稳定性影响因素的敏感度。研究结果表明,当K1>1时,关键块发生挤压变形失稳;当K2>1时,关键块发生滑落失稳。以淮南谢一矿512（5）工作面为工程背景,确定了合理的巷旁充填体宽度,计算出关键块稳定性系数,获得了各影响因素对关键块稳定性的敏感度。实例分析表明,采高对关键块的稳定性影响较大,在大采高工作面中进行沿空留巷较为困难。     

西兰公路太峪黄土隧道充填注浆技术

黄土隧道村砌后,回填密度差、空隙多,潜在隐患大。本文以太峪黄土隧道为例,介绍了充填注浆的实践经验,质量检验表明,注浆起到了充填、加固、止水的效果。     

A packing generation scheme for the granular assemblies with 3D ellipsoidal particles

This paper introduces a new generator algorithm and computer program for 3-D numerical simulation of packing configuration in a granular assemblies composed of ellipsoidal particles of different a/b aspect ratios. Each ellipsoidal particle is approximated by the revolution of an ellipse, formed by four connected arcs, about the major axis passing through its centroid. The centroid co-ordinates, major axis direction and lengths of the major and minor axes are the essential data for the packing generation and associated contact detection. The domain to be filled with particles can be a polyhedron of any shape. The packing program was coded based on a newly proposed scheme which obeys the no interpenetration kinematics of solid bodies. New contact detection algorithms for any two ellipsoids in the packing space were developed. Though simple, these algorithms effectively determine the contact condition and contact point without solving the simultaneous equations of the two ellipsoidal surfaces. Each particle's packing location, contact-point co-ordinates, and three-dimensional graphs can be created using the packing domain given boundaries, along with numbers, and geometrical information of particles to be generated. Simulation results show that this new algorithm provides an effective packing model as a required initial input for analysing the mechanics of granular material. This generation scheme potentially can explore the complex 3-D behaviours of material composed of discrete particles. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Porosity of bimodal sediment mixture with particle filling

The porosity of a bimodal sediment mixture is affected by the filling of fine particles in the voids of coarse particles when the particle size range is wide. The classical ideal packing models tend to overestimate the filling, and, thus, underestimate the porosity of the mixture. In this study, an existing random filling model is improved by considering a three-dimensional packing configuration, and a new model is developed by considering how many fine particles are required and how many are available to cover the surface of coarse particles in the sediment mixture. The developed models are validated using measured data and compared with existing models. The new model can reproduce well the variation trend of the mixture porosity as the fraction of fine particles varies.