Floodplain connection buffers seasonal changes in urban stream water quality

Urban streams in the Northeastern United States have large road salt inputs during the winter, increased nonpoint sources of inorganic nitrogen and decreased short‐term and permanent storage of nutrients. Restoration activities that re‐establish connection between streams and riparian environments may be effective for improving urban stream water quality. Meadowbrook Creek, a first‐order stream in Syracuse, NY, provides a unique setting to explore impacts of stream–floodplain connection because it flows along a negative urbanization gradient, from channelized and armoured headwaters to a broad, vegetated floodplain with a riparian aquifer. In this study, we investigated how reconnection to groundwater and introduction of riparian vegetation impacted urban surface water chemistry by making biweekly longitudinal surveys of stream water chemistry in the creek from May 2012 until June 2013. We used multiple methods to measure groundwater discharge rates along the creek. Chloride concentrations in the upstream, disconnected reach were influenced by discharge of road salt during snow melt events and ranged from 161.2 to 1440 mg/l. Chloride concentrations in the downstream, connected reach had less temporal variation, ranging from 252.0 to 1049 mg/l, because of buffering by groundwater discharge, as groundwater chloride concentrations ranged from 84.0 to 655.4 mg/l. In the summer, there was little to no nitrate in the disconnected reach because of limited sources and high primary productivity, but concentrations reached over 1 mg N/l in the connected reach because of the presence of riparian vegetation. During the winter, when temperatures fell below freezing, nitrate concentrations in the disconnected reach increased to 0.58 mg N/l but were still lower than the connected reach, which averaged 0.88 mg N/l. Urban stream restoration projects that restore floodplain connection may impact water quality by storing high salinity road run‐off during winter overbank events and discharging that water year‐round, thereby attenuating seasonal fluctuations in chloride. Contrary to prior findings, we observed that floodplain connection and riparian vegetation may alter nitrate sources and sinks such that nitrate concentrations increase longitudinally in connected urban streams. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

丝绸之路经济带中国段经济发展时空演化特征

以丝绸之路经济带中国段各县域(市、旗、区)单元为基本单元,以1980年、1990年、2000年和2013年统计年鉴的相关县域数据为数据源,结合钱纳里经济发展理论、空间相关分析和地理加权回归模型,系统分析丝绸之路经济带中国段县域经济发展时空格局演化特征及其成因。结果表明:(1)丝绸之路经济带经济发展整体上经历了"均衡→不均衡→逐步均衡"的发展趋势,其中区域性中心城市和资源富集性县域单元发展速度明显快于偏远和资源贫乏区域,对周边县域有较明显的辐射和联动效应。(2)丝绸之路经济带经济发展的冷点和热点集聚区经历了从无到有和从少到多的过程,形成了资源富集区域和区域性中心城市集聚区。(3)县域经济增长以空间正关联为主,HH类型有减小趋势,LL类型较为稳定,HL和LH类型则较少且分布零散。(4)通过因子加权回归发现,全社会固定资产投资、3次产业总值和地方政府财政支出对经济增长贡献最大,其它3个因子对其经济发展和空间格局分布亦有显著相关性,各因子对县域经济的影响的显著性随时间推移而不断增强。     

Prediction of the soil erosion in a forest and sediment yield from road network through GIS and SEDMODL

This study was conducted to classify water erosion risk for a deciduous forest and to predict the amount of sediment yield from forest road network. GIS in combination with AHP was used for determining the soil erosion risk degrees of forest. Beside, sediment yield from forest roads with gravel and asphalted surfacing was estimated using SEDMODL. Rainfall simulator was used in calibration and validation process of model. Results showed that 47.9% of forest soil is classified from moderate to very high vulnerability. 32.3% of roads were located in soil erosion risk class of very high. This class is generally found in the eastern region of forest, while areas with very low risk are found in the south western part. 14.6% of the forest roads were ranked as having very low sediment yield. Only 61 segments out of 339 segments of forest road network delivered sediment to the ravine network. The estimated annual sediment yield for all of road sections by SEDMODL and rainfall simulator were 10,935.45 and 10,509.29 g m-2, respectively. Results of the calibration and validation process showed that the variation accounted for in the predicted values by SEDMODL with the observed values under rainfall simulation was 3.90%. Best management practices （BMP） must be considered for the areas with high degrees of erosion risk.     

The postal-geographical location: the notion and measurement algorithm (exemplified by the postal network of Siberia in the early 20th century)

An analysis is made of the problems, approaches and methods in the study of the economic-geographical location. The term “postalgeographical location” is suggested. The concept of the location of a settlement in the postal network is formulated. The algorithm has been developed for measuring the postal-geographical location. Results from assessing the location of settlements in Siberia's postal network are presented for the year 1910.     

Road vehicle-induced vibration control of microelectronics facilities

A hybrid control platform is investigated in this paper to mitigate microvibrations to a group of vibration-sensitive equipment installed in a microelectronics facility subject to nearby road vehicle-induced horizontal and vertical ground motions. The hybrid control platform, on which microelectronics equipment is installed, is mounted on a building floor through a series of passive mounts and controlled by hydraulic actuators in both horizontal and vertical directions. The control platform is an elastic body with significant bending modes of vibration, and a sub-optimal control algorithm is used to manipulate the hydraulic actuators with actuator dynamics included. The finite element model and the equations of motion of the coupled platform-building system are then established in the absolute coordinate to facilitate the feedback control and performance evaluation of the platform. The horizontal and vertical ground vibrations at the base of the building induced by nearby moving road vehicles are assumed to be stationary random processes. A typical three-story microelectronics building is selected as a case study. The case study shows that the vertical vibration of the microelectronics building is higher than the horizontal. The use of a hybrid control platform can effectively reduce both horizontal and vertical microvibrations of the microelectronics equipment to the level which satisfies the stringent microscale velocity requirement specified in the Bolt Beranek & Newman (BBN) criteria.     

基于道路精简滤波原理的车辆导航系统地图匹配算法

针对交叉路口附近道路几何分布较为复杂的实际特点,提出基于道路精简滤波(RRF)原理的地图匹配算法。研究了基于D-S证据理论的多规则数据融合技术在二路段地图匹配中的应用。建立了最短欧氏距离和最小航向差两条判决规则。引入相关性模糊决策理论,将多路段匹配问题简化为二路段匹配问题,使D-S证据判决规则的概率分配函数能根据实际路网分布作适应性调整,提高了算法的鲁棒性。对实际跑车数据的仿真处理结果表明,应用该算法可以较好地解决城市交叉路口地图匹配问题。     

基于直线和区域特征的遥感影像线状目标检测

针对高分辨率航空遥感影像中线状目标的特点,提出一种结合区域和直线特征识别线状目标的方法。在基于标记点分水岭变换进行初始分割的基础上,利用关于目标的知识和区域邻接图(RAG)对感兴趣区域进行合并,得到最终检测结果。实验结果表明,本文方法可以有效地从遥感影像中提取线状目标。     

上海地区软土分布特征及软土地基变形实例浅析

上海是典型的软土地基区，随着城市建设的快速发展，软土地基变形问题愈来愈引起人们的重视。从上海地区软土地层特征的分析，结合隧道、高架以及公路工程的软土地基变形实例，分析不同工程所引起的软土地基变形量，及其危害，为以后工程设计及施工提供依据。     

实时动态最佳路径的实现方法

在现有交通设施下,提出了实时动态路段阻抗的获取及实时动态最佳路径在计算机上的实现方法。     

地质雷达探测工程的几个问题

地质雷达（GPR）探测技术在浅层地质勘探领域广泛应用，并取得较好的应用效果。文章针对消除干扰的方法、关于防空洞探测、关于公路路面检测和隧道衬砌质量检测、地下岩溶探测等内容进行了探讨。