浙江省高速公路路面温度预报模型性能检验及应用

基于地表能量守恒方程和陆面模式土壤温度计算模块,建立高速公路路面温度预报物理模型。利用2014年6月1日至2015年5月31日8个常规气象观测站和6个交通自动气象监测站逐小时观测资料对模型预报产品进行评估检验,结果表明:预报效果随提前量的减小而提高,常规站(交通站)提前1h和6h预报的平均绝对误差分别为1.64℃(1.82℃)和3.27℃和(3.69℃)。由模型对输入气象要素的敏感性分析得出:模型对2m气温最敏感,其次是相对湿度、总云量,且敏感性随着预报提前量的增加而增强。结合浙江省快速更新同化系统数值预报产品,建立浙江省高速公路路面温度预报系统,为全省提供逐12h更新、12h预报时效的逐小时高速公路路面温度精细化预报,系统提前1h和11h预报常规站(交通站)的平均绝对误差分别为2.81℃(3.23℃)和2.50℃和(2.93℃),系统对极端高(低)温预报具有较高的预报技巧。     

线性参考系统技术在道路资产管理系统中的应用研究

分析了传统道路资产管理系统中存在的一些问题,阐述了引入线性参考系统的必要性。以线性参考系统和动态分段技术为基础,研究了道路资产管理系统的数据组织,讨论了系统实现的核心技术,主要包括道路资产评估方法和道路资产维护方案决策支持技术等。     

基于路网拓扑结构的指路标志标识系统数据模型的研究与应用

针对指路标志的标识功能,分析了指路标志的特征,提出了指路标志项的概念。基于路网拓扑结构,构建了以指路标志项为基本单元的指路标志标识系统的数据模型,使得在计算机中建立指路标志的信息管理及自动设计分析应用系统成为可能。最后,在此数据模型的基础上,开发了一个基于GIS平台的指路标志标识计算机应用系统。该系统能对指路标志进行自动设计、根据交通规则的修改对指路标志执行自动更新,说明本文提出的数据模型是有效可行的。     

层次空间推理机制及其在路径寻找方面的应用(英文)

Human beings use hierarchies to simplify their conceptual models of reality and to perform reasoning more efficiently. Hierarchical structures are conceptually imposed on space and allow performance of complex tasks in very large contexts easily. Hierarchical spatial reasoning is an important method for solving spatial problems. This paper briefly discusses the definition and frame of hierarchical spatial reasoning and its application to way-finding of road networks.     

基于新标准的道路数据采集与建库的实践

辽宁省测绘局基于SuperMap进行了1∶10000基础地理信息数据库的建设与数据生产,在建库过程中采用了新颁布的国家标准,并实现了图库一体化。本文讨论了在采集道路数据时遇到的问题,并提出了相应的解决方案。实践证明,一幅1∶10000的地理数据经过数据采集、软件的制图自动处理并经过简单的后期编辑,就可以满足地形图图式的要求。     

道路网络生态干扰测度指数的改进及其空间分异特征——以闽江上游为例

以闽江上游地区为例,在传统指数的基础上,提出并采用改进后的道路网络线密度和道路网络影响域面密度指数,结合空间自相关分析方法,从线上和面上综合探索道路网络对生态干扰的空间分异格局;并分析指数间的相关性。结果表明：① 道路干扰程度具有明显的地区差异,在研究区中部、东部和南部存在空间集聚效应;② 考虑到坡度影响,同等级的道路缓冲带宽度并不是一个固定值;③ 所有指数均呈显著正相关,同类指数相关性大,不同类指数相关性小。若仅采用单一的线密度或面密度指数,则将导致信息不全;虽然同类指数间相关性很大,相互印证,但改进后的指数更加符合客观事实,建议采用。     

Scale-free Structure of Town Road Network in Southern Jiangsu Province of China

From the viewpoint of Graph Theory this paper builds a town road network graph of regional scale, and proposes numerical vertex degree (Di), rank vertex degree (Dr) and population size vertex degree (Dp) on the base of vertex degree (D). Then the indicators of Di, Dr, Dp and mathematical statistics methods are applied to investigating scale-free structure of town road networks in the southern Jiangsu Province. The results show that the distribution of Di does not exhibit scale-free properties, but Dr and Dp do. Additionally the correlation coefficient between Dp and Di is only 0.569, but the spatial correlation between Dp and Dr is very evident on the base of correlation analysis and spatial analysis of GIS. The mutual mechanism between Dp and Dr spatially represents a "Core-Belt" model of town development of regional scale. The town development model is open and clustered, and beneficial to both economic development and ecological protection. And then we suggest that Suzhou City, Wuxi City, Changzhou City and Wujin City control towns' high-density pattern by conducting centralization and consolidation policies, and properly controlling and planning higher rank roads; whereas Nanjing City, Zhenjiang City, Jintan City and Liyang City must strengthen the development of towns along higher rank roads.     

丝绸之路经济带中国段经济发展时空演化特征

以丝绸之路经济带中国段各县域(市、旗、区)单元为基本单元,以1980年、1990年、2000年和2013年统计年鉴的相关县域数据为数据源,结合钱纳里经济发展理论、空间相关分析和地理加权回归模型,系统分析丝绸之路经济带中国段县域经济发展时空格局演化特征及其成因。结果表明:(1)丝绸之路经济带经济发展整体上经历了"均衡→不均衡→逐步均衡"的发展趋势,其中区域性中心城市和资源富集性县域单元发展速度明显快于偏远和资源贫乏区域,对周边县域有较明显的辐射和联动效应。(2)丝绸之路经济带经济发展的冷点和热点集聚区经历了从无到有和从少到多的过程,形成了资源富集区域和区域性中心城市集聚区。(3)县域经济增长以空间正关联为主,HH类型有减小趋势,LL类型较为稳定,HL和LH类型则较少且分布零散。(4)通过因子加权回归发现,全社会固定资产投资、3次产业总值和地方政府财政支出对经济增长贡献最大,其它3个因子对其经济发展和空间格局分布亦有显著相关性,各因子对县域经济的影响的显著性随时间推移而不断增强。     

Floodplain connection buffers seasonal changes in urban stream water quality

Urban streams in the Northeastern United States have large road salt inputs during the winter, increased nonpoint sources of inorganic nitrogen and decreased short‐term and permanent storage of nutrients. Restoration activities that re‐establish connection between streams and riparian environments may be effective for improving urban stream water quality. Meadowbrook Creek, a first‐order stream in Syracuse, NY, provides a unique setting to explore impacts of stream–floodplain connection because it flows along a negative urbanization gradient, from channelized and armoured headwaters to a broad, vegetated floodplain with a riparian aquifer. In this study, we investigated how reconnection to groundwater and introduction of riparian vegetation impacted urban surface water chemistry by making biweekly longitudinal surveys of stream water chemistry in the creek from May 2012 until June 2013. We used multiple methods to measure groundwater discharge rates along the creek. Chloride concentrations in the upstream, disconnected reach were influenced by discharge of road salt during snow melt events and ranged from 161.2 to 1440 mg/l. Chloride concentrations in the downstream, connected reach had less temporal variation, ranging from 252.0 to 1049 mg/l, because of buffering by groundwater discharge, as groundwater chloride concentrations ranged from 84.0 to 655.4 mg/l. In the summer, there was little to no nitrate in the disconnected reach because of limited sources and high primary productivity, but concentrations reached over 1 mg N/l in the connected reach because of the presence of riparian vegetation. During the winter, when temperatures fell below freezing, nitrate concentrations in the disconnected reach increased to 0.58 mg N/l but were still lower than the connected reach, which averaged 0.88 mg N/l. Urban stream restoration projects that restore floodplain connection may impact water quality by storing high salinity road run‐off during winter overbank events and discharging that water year‐round, thereby attenuating seasonal fluctuations in chloride. Contrary to prior findings, we observed that floodplain connection and riparian vegetation may alter nitrate sources and sinks such that nitrate concentrations increase longitudinally in connected urban streams. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

公路涎流冰的成冰机理与新型防治措施研究

建立了粗、细粒土冻结模型, 分析了扰动三层体内部的析冰原理, 提出密闭水体的冻结-压力循环, 该循环是涎流冰发育的机理. 对饱水粗颗粒土与饱水细颗粒土的冻结模型比较表明, 饱水粗粒土在密闭体系中的冻结; 就其产生的水压力而言, 实质上就是密闭水体的冻结, 也就是水冻结成冰体积膨胀受限而产生力的问题. 这种体积膨胀产生的力导致约束结构(如薄弱层)的整体性破坏. 在公路边坡数值模拟分析的基础上, 提出边坡薄弱层破坏导致渗水是形成坡积冰的主要原因之一, 薄弱层破坏处是病害最严重的位置. 根据病害形成原理和成因分析, 并提出渗井与仰斜式排水管相结合的复合防治措施, 工后效果良好.