论珠江三角洲河网的人为影响

文章论述了珠江三角洲河网的发育、演变过程和整治方案。由于人类活动影响,珠江三角洲河网区西、北两江下游放射状河系支汊淤断及消亡,使西、北两江正干均成为单一水道;在两江汇流区内又受绥江三角洲南展而分离开来,只留一条狭窄的小河涌(思贤)连接;由于北江正干的淤积、西江正干刷深,使古代(唐代以前)西江合北江同流向东流入番禺(广州)的形势大变,形成江水反向西流入西江,西江水不能过入广州。由此,西、北两江合成的珠江三角洲主体网河区成为浅水狭窄的小河区,以往主要干流多不复存在,生态环境日益变劣。因此,需要修复河网。关键是把西江大量优质水源(沙少、污染少)引回,过入珠江三角洲网河区,北江水源也需截流使其不再西流入西江;开通北江大堤沿途防西水的闸门(如芦苞、西南、沙口等闸),以便通水通航;在思贤建立新型分水闸,可将西、北两江正干水源恢复到良好生态环境     

Learning about learning: lessons from public engagement and deliberation on urban river restoration

This paper provides a new discussion of how people learn through deliberative processes, drawing upon empirical analysis of a novel public engagement process for urban river restoration. Such critical evaluation is rare and yet will be crucial to both theoretical development and learning about engagement practice, not least in a policy area subject to strong regulatory drivers for public participation. The analysis supports two important learning mechanisms – the use of 'gatekeepers' of knowledge, interests and values, and the privileging of narrative. It provides new evidence of instrumental and communicative learning about shared priorities and criteria for effective river restoration that evolved through the deliberative process and directly informed the restoration scheme. It is important to question whether and how such site or context-specific learning might inform other restoration schemes. Finally, the paper questions the often ignored issue of expert learning, not least the issue of the link between individual and organizational learning.     

利用示踪试验研究巨木地下河成库条件

示踪试验是客观认识地下河管道空间结构的有效手段之一,其成果可成为地下河开发利用的重要依据。通过对以食盐为示踪剂,以摩尔法为检测方法得出的巨木地下河出口水质中Cl#体积质量历时曲线的分析,认为该地下河具多支、网络状特点,系统内含水介质以管道、廊道、裂隙及溶潭的组合为特征,具有较强的调蓄能力,具备筑坝成库条件。     

Late Quaternary Seasonal Sea-Ice History of the Northeastern Japan Sea

The Late Quaternary sea-ice history of the northeastern Japan Sea is discussed on the basis of the occurrence of dropstones and ice-rafted debris (IRD) in fine sediment cores. IRD was found in all strata except those from the Holocene and oxygen isotope stage 5.5. The largest expansion of sea ice was recognized at the last glacial maximum (LGM; oxygen isotope stage 2), when the southern margin of seasonal sea ice was probably located in the vicinity of the Matsumae Plateau. The margin might occasionally have expanded further southward to off the Oga Peninsula. Sea ice expanded southward from mid-stage 5 to the LGM in response to global cooling, but with much fluctuation. Sea ice remained during deglaciation until around 10 ka, but after 10 ka it retreated northward rapidly in response to global warming and changes in surface water conditions. Greater fluctuations in IRD were found in core GH95-1208 collected from off Rumoi, Hokkaido, Japan. More IRD was found in sediments from late stage 3, late stage 5, and early stage 6. The fluctuations were not concordant with global climate changes (based on the standard oxygen isotope curve), and may have been controlled by regional climate factors such as the strength of the winter monsoon, which is related in turn to high-latitude atmospheric circulation. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

近47 a来黑河流域的降水时空特征分析及预报评估

 利用1960—2006年黑河流域13个气象站, 地面气温、降水等观测资料,对该流域降水的气候年代际特征及干旱变化的成因进行了初步分析。结果表明,该流域降水量,由于受地形地貌、海拔高度和不同尺度大气环流的影响,流域内降水分配极不均匀,南北差异很大, 呈现为东南多西北少, 但降水日数的年月分布和流域的地理分布与降水量分布基本一致。总体上变化均呈波动性上升状态。同时,对2000年承担黑河流域分水的预报任务中研制的黑河流域降水预报服务系统输出的24~48 h降水量预报过程的准确率进行了TS评分检验。证明该系统对黑河流域的降水具有较强的预报能力,预报产品在气象服务工作中有重要参考价值,同时也为今后的精细化预报业务工作打下了一定的基础。     

南极纳拉海峡固定冰生长、 结构、 盐度和氧同位素组成

采用第19次中国南极科考采集的冰芯样品、 数据, 基于海冰的"冻结日"记录, 使用海冰一维热力学模型来计算纳拉海峡固定冰的生长厚度. 考虑气象条件以及冰情观测结果, 将该模型的计算海冰厚度和实测厚度进行比较发现, 在纳拉海峡存在着多年生长的海冰. 对采集于南极洲中山站附近纳拉海峡的固定冰冰芯样品进行结构、 盐度和稳定氧同位素(δ~(18)O)分析, 获取了海冰的结构和盐度剖面特征、 冰芯雪冰、 附加冰的含量、 雪冰中的雪以及全部冰芯中雪所占的百分比. 结果表明: 样品冰芯具有典型的海冰特征结构, 如柱状冰水平方向的C轴以及上部粒状冰层和下部柱状冰层结构特征, 部分柱状冰中间存在着粒状冰夹层; 盐度和δ~(18)O剖面也显示了多年冰生长的证据. 海冰的结构和氧同位素特征表明, 纳拉海峡固定冰的生长主要受热力学过程控制, 其结果和2000年1月至2003年2月人工冰情观测结果一致, 观测中没有发现冰脊、 叠置等动力过程. 附加冰在冰芯中所占的比例平均为5.01%. 使用不同的同位素标准来区分雪冰层, 估计研究区域平均有多达16.4%～37.9%的雪冰, 海冰粒状层中雪的部分约占全部冰厚度的0.8%～23.5%.     

冬季格陵兰以东区域海冰与北太平洋风暴轴的关系

对45个冬季格陵兰以东区域海冰密集度场与北太平洋500 hPa位势高度滤波方差场作奇异值(SVD)分析.结果表明:SVD得到的第1对空间典型分布反映了冬季格陵兰以东区域海冰异常与北太平洋风暴轴异常变化密切相关.进一步的合成分析显示:海冰异常导致大气环流调整,气压梯度、急流、850 hPa天气尺度涡动热量经向通量和垂直通量、局地斜压性均发生改变,从而对北太平洋风暴轴的强度及中心位置位移造成影响.     

Distribution and fluxes of metals in the St. Lawrence River from the outflow of Lake Ontario to Québec City

Six anchor stations in the St. Lawrence River from the outflow of Lake Ontario to Quebec City, were occupied for ca. 24 hours in June 1987 during low flow conditions. Samples of water and suspended particulate matter were separated by continuous-flow centrifugation, and were collected every two hours.During this sampling period, fluxes of dissolved forms of zinc, copper and nickel increased in Lac St. François and downstream relative to the sum of the fluxes for the two upstream stations at the outflow of Lake Ontario. Increases in the flux of dissolved zinc and copper were pronounced below Montreal and above Lac St. Pierre. For particulate forms of metals, all five metals show that there are significant inputs in the section of the St. Lawrence River between Lac St. François and the station just above the entrance to Lac St. Pierre.The average concentrations of dissolved cadmium, lead, zinc, copper and nickel ranged from 7–23 ng/l; 9–35 ng/l; 0.434–0.939 g/l; 0.15–0.89 g/l and 0.58–1.12 g/l respectively.Regression analysis of the dissolved and particulate metal concentrations suggests that the concentration of dissolved cadmium, lead, zinc and nickel can be predicted from the regression equation and the determination of particulate metal concentration. This prediction appears to be independent of the suspended particulate matter concentration which varies from ca. 1 to 10 mg/l from the outflow of Lake Ontario to Québec City.     

达索普冰川海拔7100m处粒雪中空气的封闭

The air-bubble formation has been studied experimentally in the Dasuopu ice core from the northern slope of Mount Xixabangma. It was found that air-channel volume decreases gradually, but the firn remains permeable down to the depth above the transition of firn to ice, i. e., about the depth of the air-channels closing off to be isolated bubbles. Apparently, there exists an age difference between air trapped in bubbles and surrounding ice. Only when the air channels close off completely, the age of the air increases in the same rate as the surrounding ice. Air-bubbles formed in different depths at different sites depending on accumulation rate and mean annual temperature, but approximately at a mean density of 0.79～0.83 Mg·m -3 . The air-channels in the Dasuopu firn core closed rapidly in the depth between 40 and 47 m, and 50% of air-bubbles were formed in the depth of 45 m. It is calculated that the age difference between air and its surrounding ice is 59 a, and the bulk age distribution width of air trapped in ice bubbles is 11 a.     

慕士塔格冰芯钻孔温度测量结果

2002年8月对慕士塔格冰川累积区海拔6300m左右的两根冰芯钻孔(其中—根达到冰川底部基岩)进行了温度测量,揭示了该处冰川的温度分布特征．结果表明：慕士塔格冰芯的冰温是目前中低纬地区山地冰川中最低的,达-21．79℃,该最低温度出现的位置在35m以下;冰床底部的温度为-20．76℃,也远低于其它山地冰川的冰床温度,极低的温度对成冰过程有重要影响,并有利于获得可靠的冰芯记录。