Sediment trend models fail to reproduce small-scale sediment transport patterns on an intertidal beach

A rigorous test is presented of the application of sediment trend models to an intertidal beach environment characterized by bar morphology. Sediment samples were collected during low tide from a regular grid and their sediment fall velocity distributions, obtained using a settling tube, were analysed using moment analysis. The net sediment transport direction determined from beach surveys, hydrodynamic measurements, wave ripple observations and sediment transport modelling was compared with predictions by sediment trend models based on the spatial distribution of sediment parameters. It was found that the sediment transport pathways and patterns of sedimentation predicted using sediment trend models were at odds with field observations, and varied significantly depending on whether surface or sub‐surface sediment samples were used. The sediment trend models are thought to fail because, in energetic and morphologically variable beach environments, spatial patterns in sediment characteristics are mainly attributed to the presence of different hydrodynamic regions and associated morphology, rather than sediment pathways. The use of sediment trend models cannot replace the collection of morphological, hydrodynamic and sediment transport data in the field to define relationships between flows, forms and sedimentation patterns on a dynamic intertidal beach.     

刚性桩复合地基褥垫层设计厚度计算探讨

本文针对刚性桩复合地基的褥垫层合理厚度设计进行了探讨。根据目前刚性桩复合地基应力场研究成果,对应力场进行简化,利用桩、土变形协调条件推导考虑负摩阻力时褥垫层厚度;对褥垫层进行受力分析,利用受力平衡条件推导不考虑负摩阻力时的褥垫层厚度。进行结果比较,提出对刚性桩复合地基褥垫层合理厚度设计的建议,供设计参考。     

SPH法在大坝表孔泄流数值模拟中的应用

主要对光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)法进行研究,建立了大坝表孔泄流的光滑粒子模型。将SPH数学模型应用于拉西瓦水电站表孔泄流中,提出了采用补水边界的方法来满足库区恒定水位条件,模拟了表孔泄流的流场变化及粒子运动过程。通过与物理模型实测的压力值比较,堰表面压力变化基本一致。对模拟结果进行分析,表明光滑粒子流体动力学可用于高速水流的计算模拟研究。     

Seasonal variability of deep ocean particle fluxes and particle composition in the north open sea of Prydz Bay

Time-series Mark VII sediment trap was deployed at 72°58.55′E, 62°28.63°S (north of the Prydz Bay, Antarctica) during the cruise of CHINARE-15 in cooperation with University of Marine of America. Seasonal variability of deep ocean particle fluxes and biogenic components were investigated in order to reveal the fluxes and biogeochemistry of sinking particles in the deep ocean. The results show that the total mass flux of sinking particles at a water depth of 1000 m ranges from 13.00 to 334.59 mg⋅d⁻¹⋅m⁻²). A marked seasonal variability exists in the fluxes of all particle components reflecting the seasonal changes in upper water productivity. Biogenic material was a significant component and biogenic silica represented more than 80% of the biogenic matter, reflecting a diatom dominated system, but a lithogenic fraction is always present. The fact that the POC dominated over particulate inorganic carbon (as CaCO₃) and C_inorg/C_org was always greater than 1, indicate a net removal of CO₂ from surface water by biological activity. __________ Translated from Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2006, 5: 49–55 [译自:海洋 学报]     

沙尘和霾气溶胶的物理特征比较

粒子尺度谱和复折射率指数是描述大气气溶胶的基本物理参数,也是遥感大气气溶胶光学厚度的基本假定量,决定了光学厚度遥感的准确程度。本文分析了中国气溶胶遥感网反演的北京周边的沙尘和霾天气下大气气溶胶的体积谱和复折射指数,结果表明:沙尘和霾天气下气溶胶的体积谱均呈现双峰对数正态分布,霾气溶胶粒子体积谱在细模态(0.1～1μm)和粗模态(1～10μm)的占比大体相当,沙尘气溶胶粒子体积谱中粗模态占比远远高于细模态,以粗粒子为主;将实际测量的复折射率同HITRAN 2008数据库中各种类型的气溶胶复折射率光谱数据相比,类沙尘粒子的复折射指数同沙尘气溶胶最为接近,水溶性粒子同霾气溶胶最为接近,在大气气溶胶遥感中如果缺少复折射率的光谱数据,可考虑将类沙尘粒子和水溶性粒子的复折射率光谱数据(0.2～40μm)外推近似代替沙尘和霾气溶胶用于紫外和红外遥感。本研究可为利用紫外光谱和红外光谱定量遥感沙尘和霾气溶胶研究提供参考和依据。     

浪花和飞沫水滴在海面大风边界层中的垂直传输

对我们在南海海域建立的大气边界层观测站的资料进行分析表明,在冷涌和热带气旋（包括强台风）过境的大风期间,在边界层底层10 min平均的水平风速u基本不随高度而变,甚至大都伴随有明显的上升气流w。而且风场脉动中含有强相干性的阵风扰动（ v _g,频率位于1/60~1/600 Hz频段）,以及近于随机性的高频湍流脉动（ v _t,频率大于1/60 Hz）,它们的特性以及w都可以很好地用水平风速u来参数化表示。取实测的（u,w）和脉动 v '= v _g+ v _t,或取实测的u与参数化的 v _g、 v _t和w,应用拉格朗日随机模式作数值模拟,结果表明:由破头浪发射出来的浪花和飞沫水滴（半径r_p为10~500 μm）有相当大的一部分可以飞离大气底层而进入100 m高以上的大气中,继而对进入大气中的海盐气溶胶通量有重要贡献,不可以被忽略。在水滴的垂直传输过程中,阵风扰动起了极重要的作用,而在w>0且较显著时w更起重要作用。我们对上扬率（可上升至100 m以上高度的水滴数与由海面发射出的水滴数之比）作出了初步的参数化公式,有很高的精度,主要的参量是无量纲量u2/（r_qg）,其中r_p和g分别是水滴半径和重力加速度。     

基于改进RBF神经网络的GNSS高程拟合

针对传统的RBF神经网络模型在GNSS高程拟合中拟合精度较低、稳定性较差、相关因子需提前人为设置等问题,通过将改进的自适应权重粒子群优化算法与MATLAB RBF神经网络函数newrb相结合,实现RBF神经网络函数模型中隐含节点数和SPREAD值的自动优化选取,提高算法在GNSS高程拟合中的精度和稳定性。通过实例分析,该方法拟合精度高,可达到mm级精度,相对于传统的二次多项式模型精度提高17%,稳定性良好。     

基于高斯混合模型的抗差Bayes滤波在动态导航中的应用

在动态环境下导航定位受到很多因素影响,且异常噪声会严重影响导航滤波结果。通过研究Bayes滤波的抗差方法,在导航观测方程中采用高斯混合模型,对混合模型不确定度参数采用层次模型实时估计。借助指示变量进行模型变换,削弱导航过程中异常噪声的影响。并采用Rao-Blcakwellized粒子采样方法,求取复杂、非标准形式的状态后验分布。最后通过卫星导航以及组合导航实验算例,分析验证了基于高斯混合模型的Bayes滤波在动态导航定位中的抗差性能。     

Observed changes in aerosol physical and optical properties before and after precipitation events

Precipitation scavenging of aerosol particles is an important removal process in the atmosphere that can change aerosol physical and optical properties. This paper analyzes the changes in aerosol physical and optical properties before and after four rain events using in situ observations of mass concentration, number concentration, particle size distribution, scattering and absorption coefficients of aerosols in June and July 2013 at the Xianghe comprehensive atmospheric observation station in China. The results show the effect of rain scavenging is related to the rain intensity and duration, the wind speed and direction. During the rain events, the temporal variation of aerosol number concentration was consistent with the variation in mass concentration, but their size-resolved scavenging ratios were different. After the rain events, the increase in aerosol mass concentration began with an increase in particles with diameter 0.8 μm [measured using an aerodynamic particle sizer(APS)], and fine particles with diameter 0.1 μm [measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer(SMPS)]. Rainfall was most efficient at removing particles with diameter ～0.6 μm and greater than 3.5 μm. The changes in peak values of the particle number distribution(measured using the SMPS) before and after the rain events reflect the strong scavenging effect on particles within the 100–120 nm size range. The variation patterns of aerosol scattering and absorption coefficients before and after the rain events were similar, but their scavenging ratios differed, which may have been related to the aerosol particle size distribution and chemical composition.     

Measurement of sand creep on a flat sand bed using a high‐speed digital camera: Mesoscopic features of creeping grains

The characterization of aeolian sand creep motion remains incomplete. In this study, a top‐view imaging system was constructed in a wind tunnel experiment to record sand creep motion on a flat sand bed. In addition, a set of ‘mesoscopic’ parameters was defined based on the creep trajectory that was reconstructed by a particle tracking algorithm. Statistical results show that the parameters representing the lifespan of the creep motion follow a lognormal distribution, whereas those representing the sideways grain motion deviate from the lognormal distribution. As the wind velocity increases, the sideways motion is strengthened and the lifespan of the creep motion is shortened, indicating a stronger transition from creep to saltation. Furthermore, under a ‘pure rolling’ hypothesis, the creep trajectory can be transformed into two numbers of rolling cycles from the perspectives of space and time. The ratio of the two numbers is useful in identifying the specific mode of the creep motion.