基于粒子滤波的移动物体视觉跟踪方法

基于颜色特征的粒子滤波算法已成为移动物体跟踪的热点.提出一种基于加权颜色直方图的粒子滤波跟踪算法,利用Bhattacharyya距离来描述粒子与目标区域颜色模型的相似性.实验结果表明:该方法具有较好的实时性与鲁棒性,可应用在视频监控、小车寻迹等场合.     

敦煌地区春季大气气溶胶粒子数浓度的分析

利用2002年春季在敦煌地区戈壁沙漠和绿洲农田观测的大气气溶胶粒子数浓度资料, 分析了它与沙尘天气的关系、谱分布特征以及两种地表下粒子数浓度的差异.结果表明, 不同天气条件下的大气气溶胶粒子数浓度有着不同的特征.在背景天气下, 敦煌地区的大气气溶胶粒子数浓度通常在104L-1以下, 其中以直径在0.5～1.0 μm之间的极细颗粒为主, 绿洲农田细粒子(直径＜3.0 μm)的数浓度高于戈壁沙漠, 而较粗粒子(直径＞3.0 μm)则相反.当沙尘天气发生时, 该地区的大气气溶胶粒子数浓度增大到105 L-1以上, 直径在1.0～3.0 μm之间的细粒子变为其主要成分, 戈壁沙漠4档的粒子数浓度均高于绿洲农田, 3.0 μm以上的较粗粒子两地的差异更大.     

Contribution of Secondary VOC to the Composition of Aqueous Atmospheric Particles: A Modeling Approach

Measurements show that 20–60% of the carbon mass present in fine atmospheric particulate matter consists of water soluble organic compounds (WSOC). However, only 5–20% of this WSOC has been identified, mainly as dicarboxylic acids. Because of their high solubility in water, multifunctional secondary compounds derived from the gas-phase oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOC) are suspected to be key contributors to the WSOC. To test this assumption, an estimate of aqueous uptake of secondary VOC was included in a highly detailed gas-phase mechanism which treats explicitly the formation of the secondary VOC from a set of representative primary species. Simulations were conducted for 2 scenarios, representing typical rural and urban areas. It was observed that the uptake of secondary VOC can lead to WSOC mass concentrations in the range of a few C m^–3, in fairly good agreement with typical WSOC mass concentrations measured. Speciation of WSOC was found to be mainly as tri- or higher multifunctional hydroxy-carbonyl species and hydroxy-hydroperoxide-carbonyl species, in urban and rural environments, respectively. However, it was also found that taking into account only the absorption of secondary VOC does not bring the carboxylic acids mass concentration in agreement with measurements. An attempt was made to explain this discrepancy by introducing chemistry occurring within deliquescent aerosols.     

兰州市城关区冬季TSP的监测分析及其与辐射的关系

气溶胶的气候效应是目前全球气候变化和数值模拟预测研究中的关键环节和最热门的前沿科学问题，也是了解气候变化机理的基础。为此，通过对兰州市城关区冬季不同高度大气气溶胶及太阳辐射的监测，对该地区气溶胶质量浓度状况及其辐射效应进行了分析。     

FY 3A三个通道资料反演水云有效粒子半径的研究

基于水汽吸收波段云的反射率主要依赖于云粒子大小的原理,利用SBDART辐射传输模式和FY-3A极轨气象卫星可见光红外扫描辐射计(VIRR)的通道3(3.7μm)、中分辨率光谱成像仪(MERSI)的通道6(1.64μm)和通道7(2.13μm)所提供的探测数据进行了水云有效粒子半径的反演和比较。发现,1.64、2.13和3.7μm三个通道均能定最反演有效粒子半径的大小,其中1.64和2.13μm通道对大粒子的敏感性较高,3.7μm通道在光学厚度较小时敏感性好。三个通道的有效粒子半径反演产品与MODIS有效粒子半径产品具有较好的相关性。     

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO STAGES OF FALLOUT PUMICES DEPOSITS FROM THE MILLENNIUM ERUPTION OF TIANCHI VOLCANO IN CHANGBAISHAN AREA

Tianchi volcano in Changbaishan area is located at the border between China and Democratic People's Republic of Korea, and is one of the most dangerous volcanoes in China. It has experienced several explosive eruptions in late Pleistocene and Holocene, i.e. 50000aBP eruption, 946 AD eruption, 1668 AD eruption, 1702 AD eruption, 1903 AD eruption. Especially, the 946 AD eruption(also known as "Millennium eruption")of this volcano is considered to be one of the largest volcanic eruptions in the world in the past 2000a. The eruption history and strata sequence of Tianchi volcano have long been the focus of attention. The stratigraphic unit division of fallout deposits in the past millennium is controversial, especially for the heterogeneous trachytic pumices(erupted from the Yuanchi stage)above the off-white pumices(erupted from the Chifeng stage). In this paper, through the detailed field exploration and strata comparation, it was found that there was no depositional interval between the two stage eruptions, or the interval was not long, and thus, it is believed that two stages of fallout pumice should be classified into the Millennium eruption. The off-white fallout pumices in Chifeng stage are relatively homogeneous, with angular shape, normal grading and good sorting. The median size(Md_Φ)and the sorting coefficient(σ_Φ)of Chifeng pumice are in the range of -4.25~-1.3 and 0.93~1.53, respectively. The eruption of Yuanchi stage is in pulsing pattern, and the strata show interbedding of rich khaki pumice layer and rich black pumice layer. The pumices with angular shape show inconspicuous grain grading and good sorting. The median size(Md_Φ)and the sorting coefficient(σ_Φ)of Yuanchi pumice are in the range of -2.55~-0.6 and 1~1.68, respectively. Both the granularities of the pumice particles from two stages are normally distributed and fall into the air-fall field in the median diameter versus sorting diagram. The pumices from 50000aBP and pyroclastic flow of Millennium eruption were also shown in the diagram. Phenocrysts in pumices are mainly feldspar and pyroxene, but the phenocrysts with obvious resorbed characteristic in Yuanchi black pumice are bigger, and the phenocryst contents are a little higher than those in others. Feldspar content in off-white pumice in Chifeng stage was 0.24%~1.77%, that in khaki pumice in Yuanchi stage was 0.2%~7.5%, and that in black pumice in Yuanchi stage was 3.02%~8.0%. The phenocrysts in Chifeng pumice are broken, which represents more violent explosion. The vesicles inside the pumice also reflect the intensity of the eruption. The Chifeng pumices have large, continuous vesicles and thin vesicle walls. The Yuanchi khaki pumices have continuous vesicles but thicker vesicle wall than the Chifeng pumices. The vesicularity is the lowest and the vesicle walls are the thickest in the black pumices in Yuanchi stage, indicating the eruption strength become weaker from Chifeng stage to Yuanchi stage. The Chifeng pumices with SiO₂ content of 69.12~72.71wt%, K₂O content of 4.33~4.52wt%, Na₂O content of 5.26~5.39wt%, Al₂O₃ content of 10.32~11.99wt%, CaO content of 0.29~0.95wt%, MgO content of 0.11~0.51wt%, TiO₂ content of 0.23~0.43wt% are comendite in composition. The pumices from 50000aBP eruption are comendite in composition, and their SiO₂ content(65.56~68.28wt%)is slightly lower than Chifeng pumices. The Yuanchi khaki pumices with SiO₂ content of 62.14~63.29wt%, K₂O content of 5.35~5.7wt%, Na₂O content of 5.35~5.62wt%, Al₂O₃ content of 15.00~15.59wt%, CaO content of 1.06~1.61wt%, MgO content of 0.25~0.57wt%, TiO₂ content of 0.4~0.64wt% belong to trachyte in composition, and are close to the composition of the black pumices on the Tianwen Peak. The Yuanchi black pumices are also trachyte in composition, but have obviously lower SiO₂(59.51~60.59wt%), K₂O(4.39~4.84wt%), and Na₂O(4.94~5.08wt%)content, and higher Al₂O₃(15.81~16.42wt%), CaO(2.78~3.66wt%), MgO(1.43~1.9wt%), TiO₂(1.04~1.4wt%)content than the khaki pumices. The above results show that the eruptive intensity of the Yuanchi stage is weaker than that of the Chifeng stage and the several magmatic compositions of pumices from the Millennium eruption reveal a complex magma system under the Tianchi volcano. The magma layers with different compositions may exist in the magma chamber contemporaneously. At Chifeng stage, only the upper comendite magma erupted, but the magma below erupted in the pulsing pattern at the Yuanchi stage.     

玻璃球动弹性模量特性试验和数值模拟研究

堆石料颗粒形状较为复杂,且存在明显的颗粒破碎特征。为剔除颗粒形状对堆石料动力特性的影响,在不考虑颗粒破碎的情况下,采用玻璃球模拟堆石料进行动三轴试验,分析了试验围压对玻璃球动弹性模量的影响。基于动三轴试验成果,开展了细观数值模拟研究。研究表明：玻璃球的动弹性模量变化规律与堆石料的基本一致;三维颗粒流方程能较好地模拟该材料的动弹性模量特性;随着粗细颗粒直径跨度增大,试样级配关系增强,最大动弹性模量随之增大;细颗粒直径变小和粗颗粒直径变大都将引起最大动弹性模量的增大。试样的动弹性模量随着细观剪切模量的增大而增大,近似为幂函数关系,动应变降低。     

弹塑性固体中间断位移的刚性进化

基于位移间断条件和间断位移刚性进化的单自由度动力系统,建立了一个弹塑性固体中间断位移的刚性进化分析模型,用于探讨岩土材料位移间断破坏的力学机制。首先,应用材料的强度理论,得到了弹塑性固体的位移间断条件。当位移间断出现后,完整固体分裂为两个部分,其中可滑移体部分可视作一个刚体,位移间断的进化依赖于间断面（界面）的刚度、界面与率和状态相关的摩擦律、动力输入等组成的一个单自由度系统。最后,给出了一个简单的摩擦型固体例子阐明模型的具体应用,重点说明了静、动转化过程和凝聚力丧失的进化输入。     

Effects of Material Composition and Water Content on the Mechanical Properties of Landslide Deposits Triggered by the Wenchuan Earthquake

Abundant landslide deposits were triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake, providing a rich source of material for subsequent debris flows or slope failures under rainfall conditions. A good understanding of the physical and mechanical properties of the landslide deposits is very important to the research on slope failure mechanisms and the initiation of debris flow. Laboratory biaxial compression tests are used to study the material compositions and water content impacts on the mechanical properties of landslide deposits, and a discrete element method (a bond-contact model) is used to study the particle stiffness, bond force, friction coefficient and confining stress impact on the mechanical behaviors and the relationships between the numerical and experimental parameters. The experimental results show that the failure stress of landslide deposits is decreased with increasing content of fine particles and also with increased water content, especially at the initial increasing stage. Cohesion of the saturated landslide deposits is increased, but the friction angle is decreased with the increase in the fine particle content. Shear strength parameters (the cohesion and friction angle) are decreased with the increasing water content at the initial increasing stage, and then, they slowly decrease. There is a critical value of the water content at 5%–7% (in weight) for the failure stress and shear strength parameters of the landslide deposits. Quadratic equations are presented to describe the relation between the bond force and cohesion, and the numerical friction coefficient and the experimental friction angle.     

刚性桩复合地基-上部结构动力相互作用体系抗震性能及影响因素分析

通过模拟土的非线性动力本构模型,选取合理的人工边界及耦合阻尼模型,建立了刚性桩复合地基与上部结构相互作用体系三维有限元动力分析模型。通过计算,对比了刚性桩复合地基与普通桩基对上部结构地震反应的影响异同,同时得到了土体模量与分层、基础埋深、桩径与桩长、砂石垫层模量与厚度以及上部结构特性等因素在考虑土-结构动力相互作用时对刚性桩复合地基抗震性能的影响及其基本规律,并与已有相关试验结果进行了对比,得到较好验证。研究结果为工程设计与工程应用提供了可借鉴的理论依据。