利用FY-2C卫星数据反演云辐射特性

本文利用FY-2C静止卫星提供的可见光、中红外和热红外观测数据, 开展了水云光学厚度、粒子有效半径和云顶温度的云参数遥感探测理论和反演方法研究。基于FY-2C可见光、中红外(3.75 μm)与热红外(11 μm)通道辐射率对云光学厚度、 云滴有效半径、云顶温度辐射参数的敏感性分析, 提出三通道同时反演云的光学厚度、云滴有效半径及云顶温度的迭代方案; 通过个例分析进行了云参数反演试验, 并将结果与MODIS的云反演产品进行了对比, 最后对反演误差进行了分析。主要结论如下:(1) 个例反演得到的云参数与各通道探测数据有着较好的对应关系, 迭代计算标准偏差在允许的计算精度范围内(<0.89%), 反演结果具有合理性; (2) 通过与MODIS云反演产品的对比可以看到, 两者云光学厚度、云滴有效半径的均值和直方图分布都非常一致, 而MODIS的云顶温度比FY-2C反演值要高, 考虑到FY-2C的 11 μm通道测量的辐射值与MODIS相比偏小, 因此认为我们的反演方法与MODIS方法的精度是相当的。     

耦合Rothermel模型与粒子系统的林火蔓延模拟方法北大核心CSCD

科学准确地模拟分析森林火灾蔓延动态对防灾减灾救灾工作具有重要意义。现有的林火蔓延模拟方法在林火蔓延计算和可视化表达上,耦合程度低且难以将动态物理模型计算结果实时可视化表达。针对这一问题,本文在综合考虑国内外各种火灾蔓延模型优缺点的基础上,选取应用广泛的Rothermel模型作为物理模型。通过惠更斯理论优化了火灾演进范围边界点割裂的不足,采取着火点密度阈值控制种子点数量与模拟可视化效率的平衡;利用布尔运算提高多着火点蔓延范围计算效率,将火灾模型与Open Scene Graph的粒子系统进行紧密耦合,完成火灾演进可视化表达。本文方法实现了对森林火灾蔓延的精确计算和实时、逼真模拟,为灾害应急部门提供信息化支撑。     

弹塑性固体中间断位移的刚性进化

基于位移间断条件和间断位移刚性进化的单自由度动力系统,建立了一个弹塑性固体中间断位移的刚性进化分析模型,用于探讨岩土材料位移间断破坏的力学机制。首先,应用材料的强度理论,得到了弹塑性固体的位移间断条件。当位移间断出现后,完整固体分裂为两个部分,其中可滑移体部分可视作一个刚体,位移间断的进化依赖于间断面（界面）的刚度、界面与率和状态相关的摩擦律、动力输入等组成的一个单自由度系统。最后,给出了一个简单的摩擦型固体例子阐明模型的具体应用,重点说明了静、动转化过程和凝聚力丧失的进化输入。     

Effects of Material Composition and Water Content on the Mechanical Properties of Landslide Deposits Triggered by the Wenchuan Earthquake

Abundant landslide deposits were triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake, providing a rich source of material for subsequent debris flows or slope failures under rainfall conditions. A good understanding of the physical and mechanical properties of the landslide deposits is very important to the research on slope failure mechanisms and the initiation of debris flow. Laboratory biaxial compression tests are used to study the material compositions and water content impacts on the mechanical properties of landslide deposits, and a discrete element method (a bond-contact model) is used to study the particle stiffness, bond force, friction coefficient and confining stress impact on the mechanical behaviors and the relationships between the numerical and experimental parameters. The experimental results show that the failure stress of landslide deposits is decreased with increasing content of fine particles and also with increased water content, especially at the initial increasing stage. Cohesion of the saturated landslide deposits is increased, but the friction angle is decreased with the increase in the fine particle content. Shear strength parameters (the cohesion and friction angle) are decreased with the increasing water content at the initial increasing stage, and then, they slowly decrease. There is a critical value of the water content at 5%–7% (in weight) for the failure stress and shear strength parameters of the landslide deposits. Quadratic equations are presented to describe the relation between the bond force and cohesion, and the numerical friction coefficient and the experimental friction angle.     

刚性桩复合地基-上部结构动力相互作用体系抗震性能及影响因素分析

通过模拟土的非线性动力本构模型,选取合理的人工边界及耦合阻尼模型,建立了刚性桩复合地基与上部结构相互作用体系三维有限元动力分析模型。通过计算,对比了刚性桩复合地基与普通桩基对上部结构地震反应的影响异同,同时得到了土体模量与分层、基础埋深、桩径与桩长、砂石垫层模量与厚度以及上部结构特性等因素在考虑土-结构动力相互作用时对刚性桩复合地基抗震性能的影响及其基本规律,并与已有相关试验结果进行了对比,得到较好验证。研究结果为工程设计与工程应用提供了可借鉴的理论依据。     

Modelling of concentration fluctuations in canopy turbulence

The knowledge of the concentration probability density function (pdf) is of importance in a number of practical applications, and a Lagrangian stochastic (LS) pdf model has been developed to predict statistics and concentration pdf generated by continuous releases of non-reactive and reactive substances in canopy generated turbulence. Turbulent dispersion is modelled using a LS model including the effects of wind shear and along-wind turbulence. The dissipation of concentration fluctuations associated with turbulence and molecular diffusivity is simulated by an Interaction by Exchange with the Conditional Mean (IECM) micromixing model. A general procedure to obtain the micromixing time scale needed in the IECM model useful in non-homogeneous conditions and for single and multiple scalar sources has been developed. An efficient algorithm based on a nested grid approach with particle splitting, merging techniques and time averaging has been used, thus allowing the calculation for cases of practical interest. The model has been tested against wind-tunnel experiments of single line and multiple line releases in a canopy layer. The approach accounted for chemical reactions in a straightforward manner with no closure assumptions, but here the validation is limited to non-reacting scalars.     

基于粒子滤波的移动物体视觉跟踪方法

基于颜色特征的粒子滤波算法已成为移动物体跟踪的热点.提出一种基于加权颜色直方图的粒子滤波跟踪算法,利用Bhattacharyya距离来描述粒子与目标区域颜色模型的相似性.实验结果表明:该方法具有较好的实时性与鲁棒性,可应用在视频监控、小车寻迹等场合.     

敦煌地区春季大气气溶胶粒子数浓度的分析

利用2002年春季在敦煌地区戈壁沙漠和绿洲农田观测的大气气溶胶粒子数浓度资料, 分析了它与沙尘天气的关系、谱分布特征以及两种地表下粒子数浓度的差异.结果表明, 不同天气条件下的大气气溶胶粒子数浓度有着不同的特征.在背景天气下, 敦煌地区的大气气溶胶粒子数浓度通常在104L-1以下, 其中以直径在0.5～1.0 μm之间的极细颗粒为主, 绿洲农田细粒子(直径＜3.0 μm)的数浓度高于戈壁沙漠, 而较粗粒子(直径＞3.0 μm)则相反.当沙尘天气发生时, 该地区的大气气溶胶粒子数浓度增大到105 L-1以上, 直径在1.0～3.0 μm之间的细粒子变为其主要成分, 戈壁沙漠4档的粒子数浓度均高于绿洲农田, 3.0 μm以上的较粗粒子两地的差异更大.     

Contribution of Secondary VOC to the Composition of Aqueous Atmospheric Particles: A Modeling Approach

Measurements show that 20–60% of the carbon mass present in fine atmospheric particulate matter consists of water soluble organic compounds (WSOC). However, only 5–20% of this WSOC has been identified, mainly as dicarboxylic acids. Because of their high solubility in water, multifunctional secondary compounds derived from the gas-phase oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOC) are suspected to be key contributors to the WSOC. To test this assumption, an estimate of aqueous uptake of secondary VOC was included in a highly detailed gas-phase mechanism which treats explicitly the formation of the secondary VOC from a set of representative primary species. Simulations were conducted for 2 scenarios, representing typical rural and urban areas. It was observed that the uptake of secondary VOC can lead to WSOC mass concentrations in the range of a few C m^–3, in fairly good agreement with typical WSOC mass concentrations measured. Speciation of WSOC was found to be mainly as tri- or higher multifunctional hydroxy-carbonyl species and hydroxy-hydroperoxide-carbonyl species, in urban and rural environments, respectively. However, it was also found that taking into account only the absorption of secondary VOC does not bring the carboxylic acids mass concentration in agreement with measurements. An attempt was made to explain this discrepancy by introducing chemistry occurring within deliquescent aerosols.     

Aircraft Measurements of the Microphysical Properties of Stratiform Clouds with Embedded Convection

The presence of embedded convection in stratiform clouds strongly affects ice microphysical properties and precipitation formation. In situ aircraft measurements, including upward and downward spirals and horizontal penetrations, were performed within both embedded convective cells and stratiform regions of a mixedphase stratiform cloud system on 22 May 2017. Supercooled liquid water measurements, particle size distributions, and particle habits in different cloud regions were discussed with the intent of characterizing the riming process and determining how particle size distributions vary from convective to stratiform regions. Significant amounts of supercooled liquid water, with maxima up to 0.6 g m~(-3), were observed between -3℃ and-6℃ in the embedded convective cells while the peak liquid water content was generally less than 0.1 g m~(-3) in the stratiform regions.There are two distinct differences in particle size distributions between convective and stratiform regions.One difference is the significant shift toward larger particles from upper -15℃ to lower -10℃ in the convective region, with the maximum particle dimensions increasing from less than 6000 μm to over 1 cm. The particles larger than 1 cm at -10℃ are composed of dendrites and their aggregates. The other difference is the large concentrations of small particles(25–205 μm) at temperatures between -3℃ and-5℃ in the convective region, where rimed ice particles and needles coexist. Needle regions are observed from three of the five spirals, but only the cloud conditions within the convective region fit into the Hallett-Mossop criteria.