Graphical representation of particle shape using triangular diagrams: an Excel spreadsheet method

Analysis of the shape of sedimentary particles can provide information about their transport history and aid facies differentiation and the characterization of depositional environments. Triangular (Sneed and Folk) diagrams, employing ratios of the three orthogonal particle axes, have been advocated as the most appropriate method for unbiased presentation of primary particle shape data. A spreadsheet method for the production of these diagrams is described. Clast data‐sets from a range of environments are presented using this method. An alternative use of the spreadsheet for the presentation of sedimentary fabric shape is suggested. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modelling the out‐of‐plane seismic behaviour of masonry walls by rigid elements

A computational model for evaluating the dynamical response and the damage of large masonry walls subjected to out‐of‐plane seismic actions is presented. During earthquakes, these actions are often the main cause of damage for the front wall and lateral walls of old masonry‐built churches and monuments. Since the crack patterns often tend to subdivide the plane walls into a number of blocks, the model assumes such walls as a series of quadrilateral plane rigid elements connected to each other in the middle of their adjoining sides. Only the out‐of‐plane displacements are considered, and the connections are regarded as spherical elasto‐plastic joints which allow rotations whose axis is in the plane of the undeformed wall. The hysteretic characteristics of these joints are defined so as to approximate the brittle behaviour of masonry material and the degradation due to cyclic loadings. The numerical results obtained using a limited number of elements show that the global out‐of‐plane response of the masonry walls and the mechanical degradation at each connection are in accord with the observed behaviour of real churches hit by strong earthquakes. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assessing the impact of distributed snow water equivalent calibration and assimilation of Copernicus snow water equivalent on modelled snow and streamflow performance

Accuracy of the Copernicus snow water equivalent (SWE) product and the impact of SWE calibration and assimilation on modelled SWE and streamflow was evaluated. Daily snowpack measurements were made at 12 locations from 2016 to 2019 across a 4104 km² mixed-forest basin in the Great Lakes region of central Ontario, Canada. Sub-basin daily SWE calculated from these sites, observed discharge, and lake levels were used to calibrate a hydrologic model developed using the Raven modelling framework. Copernicus SWE was bias corrected during the melt period using mean bias subtraction and was compared to daily basin average SWE calculated from the measured data. Bias corrected Copernicus SWE was assimilated into the models using a range of parameters and the parameterizations from the model calibration. The bias corrected Copernicus product agreed well with measured data and provided a good estimate of mean basin SWE demonstrating that the product shows promise for hydrology applications within the study region. Calibration to spatially distributed SWE substantially improved the basin scale SWE estimate while only slightly degrading the flow simulation demonstrating the value of including SWE in a multi-objective calibration formulation. The particle filter experiments yielded the best SWE estimation but moderately degraded the flow simulation. The particle filter experiments constrained by the calibrated snow parameters produced similar results to the experiments using the upper and lower bounds indicating that, in this study, model calibration prior to assimilation was not valuable. The calibrated models exhibited varying levels of skill in estimating SWE but demonstrated similar streamflow performance. This indicates that basin outlet streamflow can be accurately estimated using a model with a poor representation of distributed SWE. This may be sufficient for applications where estimating flow is the primary water management objective. However, in applications where understanding the physical processes of snow accumulation, melt and streamflow generation are important, such as assessing the impact of climate change on water resources, accurate representations of SWE are required and can be improved via multi-objective calibration or data assimilation, as demonstrated in this study.     

海面噪声场条件下声压与振速的空间互相关函数

介绍了海面噪声场条件下的声压与质点振速的时空相关函数。论证了海面噪声场垂直与水平方向噪声的各向异性程度。结果表明,在垂直于海平面的方向上,噪声场表现为各向异性;在与海面的水平方向上,噪声场表现为各向同性。结果表明,各向同性噪声场条件下基于矢量水听器被动检测的声纳系统目标水平方位角估计是基本可靠的,但垂直方位角的计算需要修正。     

呼和浩特降雨和降雪过程粒子谱分布特征分析

为深入了解呼和浩特地区降雨和降雪过程中降水粒子谱的分布特征,利用Parsivel观测数据并结合常规观测资料,对2017—2019年发生在呼和浩特地区的8次降雨过程和10次降雪过程的降水粒子谱进行分析.结果表明:雨滴谱和雪花谱都比较符合Gamma分布,平均降雪谱的峰值直径、峰值浓度以及最大直径均大于平均雨滴谱,降水强度相...     

基于粒子滤波的PDR/地磁指纹室内定位

针对行人航位推算(PDR)定位存在误差累积和地磁指纹不唯一导致的误匹配问题,本文改进了基于粒子滤波的PDR/地磁指纹室内定位方法.在PDR定位过程中利用地图信息控制粒子权重更新,得到较为准确的位置信息后,利用动态时间规整(DTW)算法在PDR推算位置基础上进行快速序列匹配,获取最优位置估计.试验结果表明,融合定位方法有...     

兰州市城关区冬季TSP的监测分析及其与辐射的关系

气溶胶的气候效应是目前全球气候变化和数值模拟预测研究中的关键环节和最热门的前沿科学问题，也是了解气候变化机理的基础。为此，通过对兰州市城关区冬季不同高度大气气溶胶及太阳辐射的监测，对该地区气溶胶质量浓度状况及其辐射效应进行了分析。     

南京细颗粒物对城市热岛强度的影响

随着城市化和工业化进程的加快,南京城市热岛效应显著,细颗粒物污染加剧,对大气环境、气候变化和人体健康产生重要影响.本文基于观测资料,分析了南京市不同颗粒物浓度水平下城市热岛强度的变化特征;利用光学特性模型OPAC（optical properties of aerosols and clouds model）和辐射传输模型TUV（troposphere ultraviolet-visible model）估计了气溶胶的光学厚度及辐射强迫;定量分析了细颗粒物对城市热岛强度的影响及其可能机制.结果表明：南京城市热岛强度范围为-0.51.3K,冬季强于夏季.细颗粒物质量浓度范围为32 135 μg/m3,冬季高于夏季,城区和郊区差别不大;当大气中细颗粒物质量浓度较高时,城市热岛强度相对较弱;南京城郊气溶胶光学厚度变化范围为0.28 1.01,在地面产生的辐射强迫达-3.88-4.72 W＆#183;m-2;由于城区和郊区下垫面、人为热、细颗粒物浓度水平的差异,造成城郊近地面降温的不同,导致细颗粒物对城市热岛强度的削弱,夏季减弱0.1K,冬季减弱0.2K.     

基于静稳天气下气球探空实验的中国沙漠地区沙尘气溶胶的垂直分布（英文）

塔克拉玛干沙漠是亚洲沙尘气溶胶的重要源地。为探讨塔克拉玛干地区沙尘气溶胶的理化特性与时空变化,研究其环境与气候效应,本文分析了四个季节在中国敦煌(塔克拉玛干沙漠内)取得的探空气球观测数据,包括气溶胶的数浓度、粒径分布、质量浓度及在西风主导下的水平输送通量。气溶胶数浓度的垂直廓线显示,来自沙漠地区的矿物粒子对局地环境与气候有重要影响,且所有季节都存在长距离输送。粒子谱分布显示局地有大量粗粒子输入。结果说明,源于塔克拉玛干沙漠的沙尘气溶胶的背景输送有着重要的科学意义,需进一步研究其对东亚和西太平洋地区环境与气候的影响。     

一种浸润冻结机制冰核测量装置(FINDA)的搭建与应用

为了定量评估降水（雨、雪、雹等）和大气中冰核浓度,搭建了一种新型的离线式冰核测量装置（FINDA）用于检测浸润冻结机制的冰核。对多通道测温元件进行了改装和校准,并利用红外热成像仪动态校准了冷台水平温差,开发了自动化软件实现对测量过程的控制和数据分析。通过超纯水冻结实验、雪水及大气样品中冰核检验评估了FINDA的测量性能。结果表明,FINDA温度测量偏差随温度降低而线性增大,?25℃时误差为±0.75℃;超纯水初始冻结温度平均为?21.27±1.45℃,中值冻结温度（T₅₀）平均为?25.65±0.64℃;对同一降雪融水样品中冰核浓度温度谱检测,FINDA与其他冻滴设备测量结果基本一致,同冰核浓度下温度偏差小于3℃;大气样品中冰核?20℃时比在线连续流量扩散云室测量值略高,与国际上其他学者的结论一致。FINDA能够有效获得0—?25℃每隔0.25℃的冰核浓度谱,超纯水和试验操作引入的冰核对测量结果影响很小。设备的广泛应用可帮助深入了解大气冰核在混合云降水中的作用,为预报和云模式的本地化改进及对云降水理论研究提供重要的实验数据和理论基础。