嘉陵江卵石粒度分布与最大干密度的分形特征

应用分形理论研究了卵石粒度分布的分形规律,建立了关于分维数（D）、小于10mm颗粒含量（P10）与卵石最大千密度（rdmax）的数学模型。研究表明,嘉陵江卵石颗粒粒径在10mm以上部分其粒度具有良好的分形结构,基于嘉陵江卵石特征所建立的数学模型对工程实践具有重要的指导意义。     

A statistical approach to determine 2D optimal equivalent linear parameters with application to earthquake engineering

The equivalent linearization method approximates the maximum displacement response of nonlinear structures through the corresponding equivalent linear system.By using the particle swarm optimization technique,a new statistical approach is developed to determine the key parameters of such an equivalent linear system over a 2D space of period and damping ratio.The new optimization criterion realizes the consideration of the structural safety margin in the equivalent linearization method when applied to the performance-based seismic design/evaluation of engineering structures.As an application,equations for equivalent system parameters of both bilinear hysteretic and stiffness degrading single-degree-offreedom systems are deduced with the assumption of a constant ductility ratio.Error analyses are also performed to validate the proposed approach.     

Constraints on rigid zones and other distinct layers at the top of the outer core using CMB underside reflected PKKP waves

Clear PKKP, a P wave reflects off the core-mantle boundary on the core side, is recorded by the transcontinental USArray from two deep earthquakes occurred in South America and Tonga, and one intermediate-depth earthquake in the Hindu Kush region. We compare the PKKP waveforms with the direct P waves to investigate the fine structures near the core-mantle boundary, with a primary focus on the core side. We find no evidence for the existence of a sedimentary layer of lighter elements with a thickness above a few hundreds of meters beneath the reflection points of the two deep events, which are located at the Ninety-East Ridge and South Africa. On the other hand the PKKP wave duration of the Hindu Kush event is almost twice as long as that of the P wave, suggesting that multiple reflections may be occurring at the core-mantle boundary located beneath the Antarctic, which is located inside the so-called tangent cylinder of the outer core. The tangent cylinder is an imaginary cylindrical region suggested by geodynamics studies, which has different flow pattern and may have a higher concentration in lighter elements as compared to the rest of the outer core. One possible explanation of the elongated PKKP is a thin distinct layer with a thickness of a few kilometers at the top of the outer core, suggesting that precipitation of lighter elements may occur at the core-mantle boundary. Our data also indicate an extremely low Q_P of 312, approximately 40% of the PREM average (~780), within the large-scale low-velocity anomaly in the lowermost mantle beneath Pacific.     

Water‐Saving Crop Planning Using Multiple Objective Chaos Particle Swarm Optimization for Sustainable Agricultural and Soil Resources Development

Establishing a water‐saving planting structure is necessary for the arid, water‐deficient regions of northern China and of the world. Optimizing and adjusting a water‐saving agricultural planting structure is a typical semi‐structured, multi‐level, multi‐objective group decision‐making problem. Therefore, optimization can be best achieved with a swarm intelligence algorithm. We build an optimization model for a water‐saving planting structure with four target functions: (1) maximum total net output, (2) total grain yield, (3) ecological benefits, and (4) water productivity. The decision variable is the yearly seeded area of different crops, and its restrictions are the farmland area, the agricultural water resources, and the needs of the people and other farming‐related industries. Multiple objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) is an efficient optimization method, but its main shortcoming is that it can easily fall into a local optimum. Multiple objective chaos particle swarm optimization (MOCPSO) will greatly improve the searching performance of the algorithm by placing chaos technology with the advantages of ergodicity into MOPSO. When MOCPSO is used to solve the multi‐objective optimization model in the middle portion of the Heihe River basin, the results show that MOCPSO has the advantages of a high convergence speed and a tendency not to fall easily into a local optimum. After adopting a water‐saving agricultural planting structure, irrigation water would be reduced by about 7%, which would provide tangible economic, social, and ecological benefits for sustainable agricultural development.     

悬浮颗粒的浓度对其在饱和多孔介质中迁移和沉积特性的影响

多孔介质中悬浮颗粒迁移和沉积特性的研究对地下污染物净化、石油开采、核废料处置、水土保持等有很重要的意义。对4种不同浓度的悬浮颗粒在3种不同的渗流速度下进行室内试验,研究悬浮颗粒的浓度对其迁移和沉积特性的影响。结果表明,在一定的悬浮颗粒浓度下,随着渗流速度的增加,穿透曲线中的悬浮颗粒的相对浓度也增大。同时,渗流速度一定时,悬浮颗粒的浓度存在一个临界值,小于该临界值,穿透曲线中的相对浓度随悬浮颗粒的浓度增大而增大;大于该临界值时,相对浓度随悬浮颗粒的浓度增大而减小。另外,悬浮颗粒的临界浓度是与渗流速度相关的,随着渗流速度增加,悬浮颗粒的临界浓度也逐渐增大     

高压下尾矿材料幂函数型摩尔强度特性研究

高压下尾矿材料的强度特性是高尾矿坝稳定性分析的基础。理论推导了幂函数型摩尔（Mohr）强度通式 须满足的条件为 , , ;基于高压三轴试验研究了尾矿材料的强度特征,研究表明：幂函数型摩尔强度包络线能较好地反应尾矿材料在高压下的强度特征;尾矿材料在高压作用下试验前、后的颗粒分析结果表明：当围压达到某一阈值时,尾矿材料在剪切过程中将发生颗粒破碎,对于德兴铜矿尾粉砂,阈值为1 200 kPa;对于德兴铜矿尾亚砂,阈值为1 600 kPa。研究成果可为高尾矿坝坝体稳定性评价提供理论依据。     

砾石土渗透稳定特性试验研究

目前砾石土被广泛地用作高土石坝中的防渗体,国内已建成的187 m高的瀑布沟堆石坝就是用它作心墙的防渗材料。介绍了瀑布沟心墙土料的渗透稳定试验结果,并论述了确定砾石土渗透稳定性能的的主要因素是细粒含量,提出了确定粗、细粒料的区分粒径、计算最优细料含量以及用细料含量判别渗透稳定性的方法。试验结果表明,工程中常以小于5 mm粒径含量不小于35%、小于0.1 mm的粒径含量不小于18%,以判别砾石土能否作为高土石坝防渗体的标准是可行的,无需另外要求小于0.005 mm的粒径含量大于10%。     

黏土颗粒间液桥从形成至断裂时毛细力的演化规律

通过土颗粒间形如液桥的水分毛细力认识和解释非饱和土的持水特性日趋为土力学界所关注。为研究黏土颗粒间液桥毛细力的演化规律,将黏土颗粒其简化为一对平行的片状颗粒,不考虑黏土颗粒表面的粗糙度。以Young-Laplace方程为基础,推得表征黏土颗粒间液桥毛细力关于固-液接触角和液桥体积的无量纲表达式;再令该无量纲表达式为0,绘制出固-液接触角与无量纲液桥体积的关系曲线,将1/3＜vLB＜1范围划分为液桥的断裂区、形成区和消失区,这种分区方法对描述黏土样在毛细阶段和吸附阶段的持水特性至关重要。最后,分析了液桥形成时毛细力与液桥体积和固-液接触角的关系,结果表明：当固-液接触角一定时,液桥的毛细力随其体积增大呈递增趋势,而当液桥体积一定时,其毛细力随固-液接触角增大呈先增后减的趋势。     

多尺度节理岩体力学特性的颗粒流分析

以白云鄂博露天铁矿东矿岩质高边坡为工程背景,结合现场地质调查、室内岩石和节理力学试验等数据,采用等效岩体技术,构建能充分反映节理分布特征的实验室、现场原位试验和工程尺度等多尺度等效岩体模型。通过对各类等效岩体模型进行单轴压缩试验,研究岩体单轴抗压强度、弹性模量等力学特性的尺寸效应和各向异性。研究表明：节理的存在使岩体表现出尺寸效应和各向异性,且随着尺寸的增大,这种特性基本呈逐渐减弱的趋势;研究区域岩体的表征单元体积、单轴抗压强度和弹性模量分别为20 m×10 m×10 m、1.46 MPa和3.91 GPa;岩体单轴抗压强度、弹性模量与轴向尺寸的关系,近似符合渐进式指数函数关系,且该函数能直观地给出工程尺度岩体的力学特性。     

基于GIS空间数据的滑坡SPH粒子模型研究

针对光滑粒子流体动力学方法（SPH）在滑坡模拟中建立粒子模型的难题,提出了基于地理信息系统（GIS）栅格数据的粒子排列与插入方法。根据该方法,建立了滑坡SPH粒子模型及相关粒子生成程序,进一步以结合摩尔-库仑破坏准则的SPH宾汉流体模型为核心,实现了运用SPH方法模拟滑坡破坏后三维运动的过程。该SPH模型在对唐家山滑坡的模拟中得到了验证,并预测了金坪子滑坡破坏后的影响范围。结果表明：基于GIS空间数据的滑坡SPH粒子模型具有可行性与良好的适用性。以GIS数据库为基础,开展滑坡灾害的模拟研究,将大大提高对滑坡等地质灾害的仿真分析,为滑坡灾害的预测与防治提供参考。